Regulatory Bodies and Current Leglislations for Setting Up a Home Base Childcare Setting Essay

Ofsted is the office for standards in Education, children’s services and skills. They make sure that people achieve excellence in care of children and young people. Ofsted assess children services in local areas and inspect services for looked after children , safeguarding and child protection. Ofsted’s job is to check places that young people and children are looked after and the people who look after children and young people. They check to see if people are doing a good job in looking after children, if they are not they try to help them get better. Ofsted inspect children services e.g. childminders, nursery’s etc. to see the standard of care for children, after there inspections they carry out a report of what they have found. All in all Ofsted’s job is to make sure that all children and young people who are being cared for are safe, being looked after properly, to improve children’s services, to make sure children’s services focus on the interests of the children and young people, parents, adult learners and employers who use them and also to see that the services for children are efficient and effective. Current legislations for home based childcare Children’s act 1989 – 2004 This act aims to improve effective local working to safeguard and promote children’s well being. The act aims to ensure that welfare of children is paramount, working in partnership with parents to protect children from harm. The Act is intended to strengthen the child’s legal position; to give him/her equal rights, feelings and wishes, and to ensure children are consulted and kept informed. The Children Act aims to further improve children’s lives and gives the legal underpinning to ‘Every Child Matters: Change for Children. The act puts a duty on local authorities to make arrangements to promote co-operation between agencies and other appropriate bodies such as voluntary and community organisations in order to improve children’s well being (where well being is defined by reference to the five outcomes), and a duty on key partners to take part in co-operation arrangements, it also makes sure that key agencies safeguard and promote the welfare of children. Childcare Act 2006 This is the first ever piece of legislation specifically on early years and childcare. The act places responsibility for childcare provision with local authorities, charging them with raising quality, improving delivery and achieving better results, it sets the legal framework for children from birth to 17 years. The act introduces the Early years foundation stage (EYFS) which brings together three documents, Birth to three matters, foundation stage and national standers for under 8’s day care and child minding. The EYFS will support providers in delivering high quality integrated early education an care for children from birth to age 5. The act also lays out registration and inspection arrangements, providing for an integrated education and care framework for the Early Years and general childcare registers. The Early Years Register (EYR) and the General Childcare Register (GCR) provide a regulatory framework for childcare under the act. Ofsted regulates the two registers –the Early years register for people caring for children aged from birth to 31 August after their fifth birthday and the General childcare register for childcare over this age. Every child matters 2003 (ECM) Every child matters is a government publication that indicates national and local priorities for children’s services and sets out outcomes. This document was given legal force in the children’s act 2004, it also includes 25 specific aims for children and young people and explicitly relates OFSTED inspection criteria to the 5 outcomes. ECM consulted children, young people and families, they wanted the government to set out a positive vision of the outcomes they want to achieve. The five outcomes which mattered most to children and young people were: ECM 5 OUCOMES Staying safe – being protected from harm and neglect Being healthy – enjoying good physical and mental health and living a healthy lifestyle Enjoying and achieving – getting the most out of life and developing the skills for adulthood Economic well being – not being prevented by economic disadvantage from achieving their full potential in life Making a positive contribution – being involved in the community and society and not engaging in anti – social behaviour The Government has built the foundations for improving these outcomes through Sure Start, raising school standards, and progress made towards eradicating child poverty. Early years foundation stage 2008 (EYFS) The Early Years Foundation Stage is a comprehensive statutory framework that sets the standards for the learning, development and care of children from birth to five years. All providers are required to use the EYFS to ensure that whatever setting parents choose, they can be confident their child will receive a quality experience that supports their care, learning and development. It is implemented in all registered early years settings, maintained and independent schools. The settings are required to meet learning, development and welfare requirements in the EYFS package and with regard to the guidance associated with those requirements as appropriate.

Professional Development of Nursing Professionals Essay

In 2010 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) released a report indicating that nurses are a key component to the improvement of the healthcare transformation in the United States of America. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health discussed the powerful impact of a highly educated and trained nurse in the medical profession by examining evidenced based research and relative trends. In the following essay we will discuss how these findings influence nursing education, primary care nursing practice, and the leadership roles nurses will inevitably be placed. When addressing how nursing practice will be affected, we will also discuss how the goals of the IOM will be met. Impact on Nursing of the 2010 IOM Report The Affordable Care Act of 2010 presented an interesting dilemma. According to the IOM panel, America will heavily rely on the expertise and compassionate care of advanced practice nurse’s to bridge the gap between the existing low number of primary care providers and the addition of thirty- two million people to the currently insured group of Americans. To connect this gap, it will be necessary to allow nurses to practice to their full potential by expanding their education and training. Nursing Education The majority of nurses in the workforce today are educated at a community college level and do not hold a Bachelor’s Degree. However, the report findings indicate the need for these nurses to attain a Bachelor Degree. This push is mainly because studies have shown a ten percent increase in the proportion of nurses holding a bachelor’s degree was associated with a five percent decrease in probability of patient’s demise within thirty days of admission and the odds of failure to rescue (Aiken, 2003). The IOM’s goal is to increase this from fifty percent to an eighty percent by 2020. To meet this goal they call for â€Å"seamless academic progression† through integrated transitions between community colleges and universities. The committee also stated the need for more affordable nursing education and training to meet the complex demands that chronic health conditions create. Primary Practice Nursing Care The IOM committee recommended the necessity of nurses to be able to practice  to the full extent of their education and training especially Advanced Practiced Registered Nurses (APRN’s). In the United States of America, there are many legal barriers and inconsistent state regulations that prevent nurses from practicing to their full potential. The IOM report states, â€Å"APRN’s scopes of practice are so circumscribed that their competence extends far beyond their authority. At any point in their career, APRN’s can do much more than they may legally do. As APRN’s acquire new skills, they must seek administrative or statutory revision of their defined scopes of practice (a costly and often difficult enterprise).† Once legislation allows APRN’s to practice to their full scope of practice the high quality health care can be delivered. APRN’s in primary practice can be extended to meet the physicians and patient needs. When nurses and doctors collaborate, quality patient care increases and cost efficiency is created. One way of establishing this collaborative team effort is by hiring more Advanced Practiced Nurses (APN) in primary care practices. Another way we can transform nursing practice in primary care is by allowing nurse’s to be more involved with data collection. Jack Rowe from the IOM committee stated that science is based on â€Å"objective evaluation of evidence†. This evidence can be provided by the nurses who provide care to patients on a daily basis in order to create a more efficient health care system. Nurse’s Role as a Leader The IOM report indicated the need for nurses to become the leaders of the upcoming reform. Today’s nurse is in a unique position due to the 2013 Gallup Poll’s statement that they are the most â€Å"trusted† profession in the United States. Bill Neville from the panel suggested that more nurses be put in boardrooms, legislation panels, and given more opportunities to lead. These qualities combined give nurses more power and force in leading discussions that will ultimately drive the change that needs to take place. Overall the IOM report is opening the door for huge upcoming opportunities for the nursing profession. Nurses are a vital part in the healthcare  reformation by becoming full partners with physicians, creating seamless academic progression for educational advancement, and practicing to their full scope of practice. References Aiken, L. H., et al. (2003). Educational Levels of Hospital Nurses and Surgical Mortality. Journal of the American Medical Association, 290(12), 1617-1623. Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine. (2011). The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. IOM, Pg. 97. Retrieved from http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12956 Institute of Medicine. (IOM). (2010, October 5). The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health-Report Briefing [Video]. Retrieved from http:// www.iom.edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-change-Advancing-Health/Report-Release.aspx

Are there advantages to treating a patient with a subarachnoid Essay

Are there advantages to treating a patient with a subarachnoid hemorrhage with endovascular coiling rather than neurosurgical clipping - Essay Example er to place an inert metal clip at the base of an aneurysm, removing this aneurysm from blood circulation and retaining the healthy part of an artery to supply blood to the brain. This procedure has been partially replaced in recent years by a relatively new procedure, endovascular coiling, which involves inserting a catheter through the femoral artery of a patient into the brain and using this catheter to fill the aneurysm with fine coils made up of the inert metal platinum, or other suitable material in order to strengthen and remove the affected part of the artery from blood circulation. Endovascular coiling has now becoming widely accepted because it is cheaper, less stressful for a patient and requires a shorter stay in a hospital, with generally lower absolute risks as compared to neurosurgical clipping. However, it is not possible to approach every aneurysm by endovascular coiling and depending on the location of the aneurysm neurosurgical clipping may still be required to be used. This dissertation presents a discussion about the relative advantage of using endovascular coiling as opposed to neurosurgical clipping as a treatment for SAH related aneurysms. Subarachnoid haemorrhage, or SAH, is a stroke subtype which occurs as a result of the rupture of either an intracranial aneurysm or an aneurysm in the basal cerebral artery which supplies blood to the human brain (Fassbender, 2001, Pp. 534) and (Kissela, 2002, Pp. 1321 – 1325). The classical presentation of SAH is a sudden and severe headache which is accompanied by vomiting, photophobia and neck stiffness (Whitfield, 2004, Pp. 14 – 16). However, it has been estimated that only one in four patients who suffer from such sever headache have had a SAH occurrence and that such headaches can also be the result of vascular—intracranial venous thrombosis, infections including meningitis, encephalitis etc, intracranial tumours, acute hydrocephalus or migraine etc to name a few other causes (Al – Shahi,

Affects of Domestic Violence in Disrupting Family Unity Essay

Affects of Domestic Violence in Disrupting Family Unity - Essay Example This discussion will examine the negative effects of domestic violence on the family unit first interjecting statistics to substantiate the claims that children are the victims as well as the wives. These indicators show that violence within the family so vastly affects children that a major disruption of the family unit is the consequence in every occasion. In homes where domestic violence has been reported against wives, the children are 15 times more likely to have been abused and/or neglected. â€Å"Over 3 million children are at risk of exposure to parental violence each year† (McKay, 1994). The majority of women who have been forced to seek a shelter to escape their tormentor report that their children are also being abused. These children are â€Å"three times more likely to have been abused by their fathers† (McKay, 1994). Research that has been conducted regarding how the prevalence of family violence affects the lives of children suggests that this phenomenon is a critical public health concern. In 1992, state agencies across the U.S. reported over 200,000 incidents of child abuse and half that number of child sexual abuse cases. â€Å"It has been estimated that about 1 in 5 female children and 1 in 10 male children may experience sexual molestation. At least 1,200 children died as a result of maltreatment† (Regier & Cowdry, 1995). Incidences of domestic violence, a growing problem in the U.S., affect the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral development of children, produces disharmony in the family unit and instigates harmful lifetime problems for all concerned. When exposed to threatening or brutal emotional and/or physical treatment, wives and children experience traumatic stress disorders that require exceptional coping skills. Instances of domestic violence are usually unanticipated and uncontrollable which serve to devastate a family

The War in Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The War in Vietnam - Essay Example The basis of such view are what elicited heated debate and controversy over the motive and gain of the US government in engaging in Vietnam War. In this regard by not understand the lopsidedness of commitment between the Vietnamese communists and the United States, the anti- Vietnam War activists claim that this paved the way for causing the most egregious blunder a nation going to any war can make.. Those that opposed the war then felt that it was obviously unnecessary, immoral or illegitimate, and there was a consensus on the nature of the war. During the initial years of the War, there was an intense dispute within civilian and military decision-making institutions mutually over the fact that the conflict was predominantly a conventional cross-border aggression or an internal insurgency. Regrettably, U.S. foreign policy advisers in the 1960s did a supreme action of miscalculation by getting involved directly in the Vietnam conflict yet the intervention proved calamitous and dreadful. There is a general consensus among the public particularly the section opposing the war that the war violated a set strategic injunction for committing military of the U.S. to a large-scale land conflict on the Asian mainland. The question thus was the war justified and was it worth such expenditure and risking the lives of the young soldiers? More seriously, in analyzing the argument was the fac t that the Vietnam War achieved very little yet a lot had been pumped in terms of cost. Anti-War theorists argued that the United States should not have invaded Vietnam since Vietnam’s political battles and internal conflicts did not directly impact or influence America. Despite the fact that U.S. politicians and leaders and military experts in one spirit agreed that Communism had at that time infringed on political freedoms and violated democracy, the war in Vietnam presented no direct threat to the government of United States or to

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Human Rights - Essay Example The first and foremost challenge that the United Nation faced in its attempt to promote human right in a global context is the controversy within its approach to the concept of human right and freedom (Wright, 2001: 59). The perpetual debate on the universality of human right apparently overshadowed its achievements to a great extent. The oriental scholars and political authorities often are often found to criticize the provisions of the UN Charter of human rights considering that these provisions are completely â€Å"devoid of any legal commitment† (Flinterman and Gutter, n.d: 1). But the view of human right that is conveyed in the UN Declaration of Right has also been defended on the point that the provisions of the UN Charter were not the mere propositions of a European mind, as Hersch Lauterpacht (1950: 147) asserts, "These provisions are no mere embellishment of a historic document†¦.They were adopted, with deliberation and after prolonged discussion before and durin g the San Francisco Conference, as part of the philosophy of the new international system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Indeed the trend for the promotion of human right lies in the founding premises of the organization. It was widely assessed by the scholars that the seed of the Second World War was found to be in the core of the massive violation of human rights by Adolf Hitler in Europe. Also the establishment of this organization was geared up by the realization that the failure of the previous, League of Nation, to prevent human right violation is to be held responsible for the initiation of the destructive war (Baehr et al, 1999: 67-88). Necessarily it does not mean that the League of Nation was totally indifferent to the issues of human right. But a close review of the stance of the League of Nations makes reveals the fact that its dealing with the concept of human rights was not multi-faceted enough to prevent oppressions of the mightier. It rather adopted a narrow and

Urban tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Urban tourism - Essay Example Increasing worldwide visitation and foreign travel has given tourism a unique status as, not only an extremely lucrative industry, but one with continued growth potential. It possesses almost limitless growth potential, both as an income and a job generator. Accordingly, many countries, both developing and developed, are actively engaged in the integration of the tourism industry in their socio-economic development projects and in the promotion and support of their tourism industry. World Tourism Organisation facts and figures are strongly supportive of the viability and the validity of the aforementioned approach. In 2004, the industry grew by 10% and in 2005 by 5%, far more than the 1.5% long-term average for any other industry. Last year there were 800 million worldwide tourists and the industry generated US$680 billion. Added to that, the sector employed (and continues to employ) 10% of the global labour force (WTO, 2006). These figures quite clearly underscore the importance of the tourism industry and the reason why countries are both promoting it and integrating it into their national socio-economic development plans.The tourism sector is an expansive one, in the sense that there are various forms and types of tourism. When explaining the aforementioned, Hall and Page (2000) clarify that the different types of tourism are determined by vista/destination, intent and activities. It is, thus, that urban tourism, rural tourism, safari tourism, and seaside tourism, among others, have emerged (Hall and Page, 2000). Of these variant forms of tourism, urban tourism is particularly important. This is not simply because, as Hall and Page (2000) point out, because it is one of the oldest types of tourism but because it is one of the most economically lucrative, insofar as it involves comparatively significant volumes of tourist expenditure within major cosmopolitan cities. Given the stated, this paper will focus on urban tourism in two major cities, Paris and Dubai , comparatively outlining the strategies by which these cities attract tourists and sustain tourism and the ways in which the cities themselves are marketed and managed as tourist destinations. The characteristics of urban tourists will also be explored. 2 The Economy of Urban Tourism The economic importance of urban tourism stems from the fact that it improves the quality of life for an urban city's residents, boosts the city's vitality, and improves its economic position (Hall & Page, 2000). Accordingly, many urban governments and policy makers are now relying on tourism for economic regeneration and for strategic local development (Rogerson, 2004). According to Jurowski and Brown (2001), "When attempting to maximize the benefits for a specific community, planners should gather information about individuals who stand to gain economically from the development, those who are currently using the resource to be developed, those who are attached to their community and those with a strong environmental attitude" (p. 9). As may be inferred from the preceding, tourism has become an important and essential element of urban area economics and can significantly contribute to a city's revitalization or recovery (Haywood & Muller, 1988). According to Sirgy and Su (2000), tourism had grown into the "largest industry surpassing automobiles, steel, electronics and agriculture" (p. 342). As such, the industry has become an important part of global economics and tourism research is being centered on direct, indirect, and total effects of visitor spending, which affects jobs, regional output, and taxes (McHone & Rungeling, 2000). The economic impact of tourism is driving researchers to explore several aspects of this industry, including consumer satisfaction, travel behaviour, hospitality opportunities, leisure measurement, and recreation interests (Kozak &

Egyptian shabtis' style and description Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Egyptian shabtis' style and description - Essay Example Further, the concept of doubling or imitation extended to the mummified body of the deceased, which was viewed as a different form of the living body. These dimensions were considered as material doubles, while the essential parts of the self as ba, ka, shadow and name formed the doppelganger or ghostly double of the living person (Meskell, 119). After the body of the deceased was prepared and mummified, it was necessary to ensure that the deceased person would not be called upon in the after life to perform menial labor in the form of farm work or labor in the irrigation ditches. The funerary figurines called shabtis, shawabtis or ushebtis were meant to answer on behalf of the mummy. Linguistically, the word shabti was derived from the verb: to answer, and their name meant â€Å"answerer†. The actual meaning of their name was the words â€Å"Here I am† which these servant figures were to answer when their master was called by Osiris, the Lord of the Dead (O’Connor & Cline, 122). Because of Ancient Egypt’s great and pervasive concern regarding their comfort in the afterlife, Egyptians placed differing numbers shabtis in the tombs of the deceased to act as â€Å"servants of the dead†. From the period of the New Kingdom, the deceased were buried in the company of 365 of these statue workmen, which were meant to be miniature imitation copies of themselves. Their purpose was to work as substitute laborers. Around thirty-six overseer figures were also included to supervise the workers, in case of any resistance from them (Meskell, 119). Shabtis were imitation workers who were regarded as servants of their owner and were referred to as male and female slaves (Taylor, 114). They were represented as carrying hoes, grain baskets, yoke and water pots, apparently always ready to undertake their agricultural tasks. The command to do their master’s work on his behalf was literally inscribed textually on their bodies, in the form of a potent spell. Power was directly

The Effect of Media on Audience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

The Effect of Media on Audience - Essay Example I will use the subject to the subject model in comparing how the two articles answer to the effect of video gaming to the individuals playing them and to the whole society at large. In the first article, most research studies show that playing anti-social video games for instance; violent ones lead to violent behaviors and aggression by the individuals who play such games. This is because in playing these video games, one is actively involved in it and hence will tend to behave in the manner in which he plays. Another reason is that individuals who play violent video games normally identify with the violent character and so they will also behave aggressively. The violent games also reward violent behaviors as those who are violent in playing are rewarded by points, are allowed to move to the next stage or through spoken praise for instance ‘Great shot!’ after murdering the opponent. This reward ensures there are increases in the frequency of violence. This is proven thro ugh a study in which boys were seen to be more aggressive after playing an intense video game. For instance, â€Å"In a study published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology this year, participants played either a violent or non-violent video game for 20 minutes per day over 3 days. After playing the game, they then played a competitive task in which, if they won, they could blast their opponent with an unpleasant noise. The researchers found that participants who played violent games blasted their opponents in the secondary task for longer, which was interpreted as an increase in aggressive behavior† (Silvia 54). According to Clay Routledge, a psychologist, if violent games can cause aggression and violent behavior then it goes without saying that prosocial video games such as tit for tat games can lead to prosocial behavior. Prosocial means behavior that will have positive effects on the society.

W 6 OIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

W 6 OIS - Essay Example Unfortunately though, there are some challenges that easily come up in their bid to doing so. Among other things, Wager, Lee and Glaser (2009) identifies the absence of an evaluation process, health information technology (HIT) barriers and an expected pass rate of 100% as three core challenges to MU. For most of these challenges organizations are faced with the need to improvising ways of overcoming them through the use of an in-house risk mitigation program. Once the challenges are overcome and the use of MU is set to roll, there are several advantages that become achieved as a result. In the first place MU, comes to address the problem of medication errors, which can also be attributed to issues such as fatigue on the part of health practitioners, mechanization of processes and human errors (Lee and Corey, 2002). As the issue of medication error through the institutionalization of HER is achieved, the credibility of organizations goes up. What is more, efficiency of health organizations becomes improved since MU ensures that much productivity is guaranteed within a very short time frame (Wager, Lee and Glaser, 2009). Mentzer et al (2011) also noted the fact that MU engages patients and families and thus making a shared responsibility a very useful parameter for achieving results within the healthcare

Project Management Essay Example for Free

Project Management Essay I am sending out bid documents to look for a contractor to analyze my organization’s IT help desk needs, standardize policies, procedures, hardware and software, and provide the necessary training and documentation. But before that takes place the â€Å"Scope† of what will be procured needs to be defined. The fore knowledge that my wants it’s IT help desk analyzed is a good start. The definition of the â€Å"What† as Fleming mentioned is the most important aspects of managing a project. I would develop a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) after the project has been defined. (Fleming, 2003, 116) The question of who will perform the work will come after a Request for Proposal has been prepared for released to prospective sellers. (Fleming, 2003, 122) This step in the contracting phase is normally called The Pre-award Phase, pre-award is the first phase of the contract management process and comprises all buyer and seller actions from procurement planning through submitting a bid or proposal. The pre-award stage is where my organizations IT help desk requirements will be clearly described in an unambiguously fashion and our objectives as well as risk will be considered. (Garrett, 2007, 80) The request for proposals (RFP) includes the following documents: Section I Letter of invitation Section II Information to consultants Appendix to Consultants information Section III Terms of Reference Section IV Technical proposals Section V Financial proposal Section VI Standard Contract Form In the subsection of the RFP Fleming’s example of â€Å"Model Contract† will addressed. (Fleming, 2003, 148) †¢Statement of Work (SOW) †¢Technical Specifications †¢Terms Conditions (TCs) †¢Data reporting †¢Status Reviews †¢Management Requirements The Statement of Work (SOW) describes the buyer’s requirements in sufficient detail to allow prospective sellers to determine whether they can provide the product, service, of solution. (Garrett, 2007, 87) The technical specifications will always be added by the IT department for this project. (Fleming, 2003, 148) The terms and conditions are generally used when the source selection decision will be price driven. (Garrett, 2007, 89) Terms conditions will come from purchasing. (Fleming, 2003, 148) The key component to (TCs) is the main duty of (TCs) and that is to cover the critical issues and how the seller can make changes to an existing procurement. The (TCs) will also cover any legal requirements. (Fleming, 2003, 152) Evaluation: Any effort to win my organization’s IT contract will be based on an objective analysis. Once the proposals are received by all participating sellers the final selection will be made using the following evaluation criteria: Note the criteria were determined before RFP’s were issued: (Fleming, 2003, 165) †¢Technical †¢Management †¢Quality †¢Warranty †¢Price The final source will be made on the listed criteria and must be submitted in a written and oral presentation method. In a side note that would be clearly stated in my RFP and in the Contract the areas of Confidentiality Ownership, will be addressed with the following: Confidentiality: The Consultant shall not, during the term of this Contract and within two years after its expiration, disclose any proprietary or confidential information relating to the Services, this Contract or the Client’s business or operations without the prior written consent of the Client. Ownership of Any studies, reports or other material, graphic, software Material or otherwise prepared by the Consultant for the Client under the Contract shall belong to and remain the property of the Client. The Consultant may retain a copy of such documents and software.

Review Of The Holodomor Event In Ukraine History Essay

Review Of The Holodomor Event In Ukraine History Essay The Holodomor was a catastrophic event that saw the deaths by starvation of millions of Ukrainian peasants in the early 1930s. Generally regarded as having been at least partially caused by Soviet agricultural policy, the major school of thought for years has been that crop harvests at the time were not abnormally low, and the famine was a direct result of policies implemented with the intent of causing mass starvation among the people. However, revisionist theory contends that 1932 saw a massive crop failure in many parts of Ukraine and the Soviet Union, the extent of which made widespread famine an inevitable event, instead of being purposefully engineered by the Soviet leadership. Clearly, there exists sufficient ambiguity with regards to the reasons for the deaths of the millions of peasants involved to warrant an investigation. As such, an important question to address would be To what extent was the Ukrainian famine of 1932 a deliberate act of genocide against the Ukrainian people? This essay shall argue in favor of a synthesis of the two arguments, accepting that there was indeed a catastrophic crop failure in Ukraine at the time, but also that the subsequent actions of the Stalin points to an unequivocal attempt to decimate the peasantry. This essay will attempt to do this by explaining the motivations that Stalin may have had to institute genocide against the Ukrainian people, and show how his policies and actions reflected the intent to use the crop failure to his own ends. This essay will also examine the origins, purposes, values, as well as limitations of various sources dealing with the Holodomor, in an attempt to assess their suitability for use as evidence. Introduction Despite continual denials on the part of the Soviet Union and its modern derivative, the Russian Federation, it is now generally accepted that in the years 1932 to 1933, several million peasants died as a result of Soviet agricultural policies, including collectivization and forced seizure of crops,  [1]  as well as extremely harsh laws. The famine was exacerbated by the forced deportation of millions of peasants that took place during the same time period.  [2]  This period of famine became known as the Holodomor, Ukrainian for death by starvation. The exact figures with regards to fatalities due to the famine are hard to pin down, due in no small part to the Soviet Unions suppression of census figures. 1991 saw the release of the 1937 census, which shed some light on the possible range of fatalities of the time. The figures seem to suggest that the number of victims of the famine in 1933 were in the region of 7.2-8.1 million;  [3]  this figure however, does not take int o account famine victims of 1932 and 1934. The generally held view in many historical texts is that the famine was avoidable, and it was instead the actions of the Soviet leadership that led to the widespread devastation.  [4]   The exact reasons for the famine are a subject of scholarly debate. The first major argument is that of the famine as having been deliberately engineered with the intention of committing genocide against the Ukrainian people from the very onset. This view was raised by esteemed Holodomor historian Robert Conquest in his 1987 work, Harvest of Sorrow; the primary evidence for such an argument includes the fact that official Soviet statistics suggest that the grain harvest of 1932 was not abnormally low, and would have readily fed the population if not for government intervention.  [5]  Proponents also point to the harsh laws enacted that suggested a deliberate attempt to cause widespread hunger, including the five ears law, which called for the execution or ten-year imprisonment at best, of any hungry person who stole more than a few ears of corn.  [6]   However, that view has been countered by historians who see the famine as a completely unforeseen side effect of the collectivization process, caused primarily by the drought of 1931 and poor harvest of 1932. The primary proponent of this view is Dr Mark B. Tauger, who suggests that the classification of the famine as a deliberate act of genocide is down to misinterpretations and factual inaccuracies with regards to the officially released soviet data. Tauger also cites inconsistencies in the official grain harvest statistics of the 1930s and evidence that points towards the unreliability of these statistics.  [7]   In light of the evidence raised by both camps, there remains the important question To what extent was the Ukrainian famine of 1932 a deliberate act of genocide against the Ukrainian people? It is clear that there exists room for a synthesis of the two arguments, combining the various pieces of evidence that corroborate with each other in order to piece together a picture of the true nature of events. It is thus argued that the famine was an unexpected as well as undesirable outcome of the industrialization and collectivization process.  [8]  However, while there was no conscious decision on the part of Stalin to have the Ukrainian populace intentionally starved, and the intention when enacting the collectivization policy was by no means to enact a policy of starvation, Stalin was still indeed guilty of failing to take appropriate action to stop the famine from occurring,  [9]  and sufficient evidence exists to suggest that Stalins later policy reflected his intention to use the already widespread starvation as a tool to further his own agendas.  [10]  Thus, unintentional as the famine might have been, the fact [does] not at all absolve Stalin from responsibility for the famine. His policies towards the peasants were ruthless and brutal.  [11]  This view has been proposed by historians R.W. Davies and Stephen Wheatcroft in The Years of Hunger, and supported in part by Michael Ellman,  [12]   The Accidental Famine Recent scholarship tends to disagree with the notion that Soviet policies were engineered specifically to deal a mortal blow to the Ukrainian peasantry. Ellman, as well as Davies and Wheatcroft, point to the fact that the famine was caused mainly by Stalins decision to rapidly industrialize the nation by means of tribute from the peasantry,  [13]  as well as two successive bad harvests of 1931 and 1932. They also point to the fact that foolish policy, for example, neglect of agricultural techniques such as crop rotation, as well as the decision to continue grain export and refuse the import of grain exacerbated the problem. However, it is difficult to conclude that these were intentionally designed to kill.  [14]   To begin with, it is important to remember that policy makes in the Soviet Union of the time had little knowledge of agricultural practice, and often over-optimistic about the effects of their own policies.  [15]  Furthermore, the refusal to import grain had deeply ideological roots. In a time of great anti-communist sentiment around the world, Stalin was keen to ensure that he and his nation continued to project strength and power. Stalin himself in 1934 said, The import of grain now, when abroad they are shouting about the shortage of grain in the USSR, might produce a political minus.  [16]   As such, it can be seen that both the grain procurement policies as well as refusal of foreign import are not necessarily evidence of an active plot to destroy the Ukrainian peasantry. There exists strong evidence to suggest that the starvation was not a planned event, and were instead due to the implementation of policies without proper consideration of their impact. It must be noted though, that Stalin viewed the starving as idlers and class enemies,  [17]  and in his speech delivered at the midst of the famine in 1933, Stalin quoted Lenin by saying He who does not work, neither shall he eat.  [18]  These reflect the fact that although he had not necessarily planned the famine, he did not view the dying as worthy of aid, and this lends support to the argument that the famine, although unintentional, still placed fault in the hands of Stalin due to his refusal to take action in preventing it. The Poor Harvests The view of the famine as an intentional act of genocide rests firmly on the belief that the agricultural yield of the time was not particularly bad. This view was regarded as true for many decades, but historian Dr. Mark B. Tauger, in his journal article published in the Spring 1991 issue of the Slavic Review, suggests that this argument overlooks inconsistencies between official grain harvest statistics for 1930 and the evidence of famine, as well as evidence that these sources are unreliable.  [19]   The strict control of peasant movement through the internal passport system was cited by Conquest and others as evidence of the Soviet policy-makers keeping the Ukrainian peasants attached to the land, in much the same way traditional serfdom did.  [20]  Introduced in 1932, the passport system excluded peasants, which meant that the rural agricultural population who were hit worst by the famine was unable to leave the countryside without official permission.  [21]   However, Tauger asserts that thousands of peasants fled not only from Ukraine, but also from Kuban, the Urals and the Volga basin, among others areas, and that the passport mechanism was put in place to control labor movement and prevent famine stricken areas from being further threatened by depletion of labour.  [22]   In response to Conquests assertion that the grain harvests of the early 1930s were not significantly low, Tauger cites new Soviet archival data which shows that the 1932 harvests were much smaller than assumed, and worsened the food shortages that were already widespread by 1931.  [23]  Tauger also references R.W. Davies review of Harvest of Sorrow, which questions Conquests uncritical use of evidence and bias.  [24]   This viewpoint was written with the intention of debunking the genocide myth as put forth by Conquest in Harvest of Sorrow. It does this by pointing out the questionable nature of Conquests statistical data as well as questioning the assumption that policies at the time were directed only at Ukraine in an effort to murder its people. The case for re-evaluation of the genocide theory was convincing enough that Conquest himself later wrote that he no longer held the view that Stalin deliberately engineered the famine of 1933.  [25]   However, Taugers work may not necessarily be expanded upon enough to be considered an argument on its own. Tauger himself states that the Soviet regime was responsible for the deprivation and suffering of the Soviet populace in the early 1930s. He also goes on to suggest that the data presented here should contribute to a reevaluation not only of the famine, but also of the Soviet economy,  [26]  and not necessarily as a view unto its own. The purpose of Taugers work was to serve as a counter to Conquests work. Thus, there are several points that Taugers work does not cover, which is a limitation to the source. Firstly, the comments of Stalin and various other officials are completely ignored, as is the evidence that Stalin sought to wage class war on the Kulaks. Also, the occurrence of mass deportations, as well as the planned deportation of millions of other peasants is not mentioned. Policies such as the five ears law are also ignored. These issues are important when establishing the causality of the famine, as they are vital indicators of intent on the part of the Soviet leadership to cause harm to the peasantry, whether Ukrainian or otherwise. Having been written some years after Conquests works, the source is valuable as it takes into account new information that often serves to counter Conquests arguments. Thus, it is necessary to gather evidence from both ends of the spectrum in order to establish an argument that takes into account all the various viewpoints. Stalins Motivations to Kill When addressing the motivations that Stalin may have had for inducing an act of genocide against the Ukrainian people, it is important to consider the social and political changes that were happening at the time. Early Bolshevik leaders broke down the shadow of the Tsar and Russian Imperialism by assisting the former subjects of the Russian Empire in rebuilding their own national identity and cultures.  [27]  This was by no means due to generosity of spirit or goodwill, and was instead necessitated by the political climate of the time, due to widespread dissatisfaction among the non-Russian peasants in wide areas of the Soviet Union.  [28]   This rebuilding of national identity had grown in strength especially in the Ukraine, due in no small part to the fact that the 30 million Ukrainians living there were the largest single non-Russian national group in the Soviet Union, several times larger than any other.  [29]  The policy of Ukrainisation, as it was called, thus went further in Ukraine than it had done in any other state of the Soviet Union. This outpouring of nationalism would not go unnoticed. Stalin, in a message to Kaganovich in 11th August 1932 said: If we dont make an effort now to improve the situation in Ukraine we may lose Ukraine, suggesting that he saw a danger that the growing nationalism would lead to a rise in counter-revolutionaries.  [30]   This rise in nationalism provides compelling evidence to suggest that Stalin did indeed have motivation to enact a policy of genocide against the Ukrainian populace. The policies of indigenization that had dominated the peasantry for the last few years largely went hand-in-hand with Lenins New Economic Policy, and together were designed to keep the peasantrys nationalist aspirations placated in order to satisfy Russias economic needs.  [31]  With Stalins emergence as the victor in the succession struggle however, came a radical reversal of policies. Stalin had in 1928 done away with the New Economic Policy, and thus it would not have been a great step for him to do away with the indigenization policies. One of the key objectives of this, as put forth by Mace, was economic and social transformation designed to destroy native society and substitute a social system susceptible of control by Moscow.  [32]  Further evidence comes from the fact that the time of the famine coincided with non-Russian national self-assertion being labeled as bourgeois nationalism, and suppressed.  [33]   As such, the motivation for Stalin to want to enact a policy of enforced starvation against the Ukrainian populace is clear to see. The threat that Nationalism presented was not lost on Stalin, and his need to gain control over all aspects of the peasantry certainly suggests that an act of genocide intended to enforce obedience and crush the intelligentsia would not be beyond Stalin. As Ellman puts it: There would be nothing surprising or out of character about Stalins use of starvation. Stalin explicitly stated that he was engaged in a war [with the peasantry]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦and in a war one aims to kill or otherwise overcome ones enemies.  [34]   At the same time, Leninism, and by extension Stalinism, viewed the peasantry with distaste, seeing them as petty property owners.  [35]  Ukraine had for a long time been viewed as the breadbasket of Europe, a name earned due to its rich soil and largely peasant population.  [36]  These two factors combine to form a plausible explanation for why Stalin would instigate starvation in Ukraine. Policies Enacted Next this essay shall consider Stalins actions. Arguments for the case of genocide typically cite two key points. First, the decision to continue exporting and seizing grain even in the midst of widespread starvation, and second, preventing the movement of peasantry out of affected areas. Another major point to consider is the deportation of peasants, even during the period of famine. Many historians make the case that actual productivity during the period was not overly low. One figure cited was an overall production fall of 9%,  [37]  which although substantial, was not enough to directly cause the deaths of millions of people. So then, what was the cause? Many point to the aggressive procurement policies that were put into place at the time. In 1932, just when it was beginning to become clear that Ukraine was facing mass starvation, Stalin began to implement policies that greatly affected the Ukrainian people. Despite falling production, Stalins top assistants announced that Ukraines quotas for bread grain would remain unchanged from the previous year.  [38]  Naturally, the harvest was unable to meet the production quotas, but Ukrainian appeals for an end to the grain seizures were to no avail, and throughout the fall of 1932, bread was seized from farmers, and farms that met their quotas were given supplementary quotas to make up for shortfalls elsewhere.  [39]  Stalin even ordered the seizure of even the seed that had been put aside for spring planting.  [40]  President Mikhail Kalinin went so far as to claim that only degraded disintegrating classes can produce such cynical elements in reference to the Ukrainian Politburos pleas for contributions to the starving.  [41]   Another major piece of evidence pointing to the possible intent of the politburo to commit an act of genocide is that of the mass deportation plans. In 1933, plans were drafted for the deportation of 2 million Kulaks.  [42]  There is little doubt that such massive deportations would have severely impacted Ukraines ability to continue producing the substantial amounts of grain that were required of it. However, to suggest that the planned deportation of the Ukrainian peasantry was intended to induce widespread starvation would be a fallacy. Indeed, by 1933, the roots of famine had already taken hold.  [43]  Instead, it is likely that the deportations were instead a response to what Stalin saw as class enemies and idlers  [44]  who were attempting to sabotage the Soviet rule by inducing grain shortages.  [45]   The Complete Picture By looking at the evidence shown, and also taking into account the strengths as well as limitations of the various historical arguments concerning the nature of the Holodomor, we can argue that although the initial aim of the collectivization policy was not to starve the peasantry,  [46]  Stalin did make use of the famine in order to achieve his other objectives.  [47]   There exists significant scholarship that attests to the unforeseen and undesired  [48]  nature of the famines of 1931 and 1932. Graziosi argues that Stalin, at a certain moment decided to use hunger to break the peasants opposition to collectivisation, and that even when he did not initiate something willfully, was always very quick to take advantage, of spontaneous events, drawing parallels to the Kirov assassination.  [49]   So then, if the introduction of collectivized farming was not to blame for the deaths, what was? There are several key factors involved: Firstly, the two successive bad harvests of 1931 and 1932; secondly, the politburos general ignorance of agricultural practices, leading to the disastrous implementation of agricultural policy. Thirdly, Stalins desire to punish the peasants for what he perceived as their counter-revolutionary struggle, and finally, Stalins arguable intention to make use of the famine as a cost-effective means of decimating and exerting ultimate control over the peasantry. Thus it can be seen that this argument takes into account two stages, the first addressing the roots of the famine, and the second dealing with the reaction of the Soviet leadership to the situation. In contrast to the view that the harvests of 1931 and 1932 were more than sufficient to feed to population, it is arguable that the harvests were so poor that famine eventually became an inevitable outcome. In 1932, the Soviet leadership admitted that there had been crop failure in parts of the Volga Basin and Asiatic Russia,  [50]  and the harvest was sufficiently bad that there were insufficient stocks to cover urban and rural food supplies, seed and export.  [51]  The need for grain led to withdrawals from the state stockpiles Nepfond and Mobfond, which started out with 2 million tons in January 1932, and was left with only 0.641 million tons by July.  [52]   In order to fully understand the impact of the crop failures, the administrative policy of the time must be studied. First and foremost, one must remember that the Soviet leadership, to a substantial extent, knew very little of agricultural policy making.  [53]  This led to the implementation of practices that undoubtedly exacerbated the problem of the already poor harvests. One vital example is that of the methods by which the Soviet leadership arrived at their numerical data. The regimes calculation of grain harvests was based not on actual production values;  [54]  instead, a statistical method known as biological yield was used to calculate a pre-harvest estimate of yield, which was then taken as the actual production value.  [55]   The failure to use properly gathered statistics led to many gross miscalculations that placed enormous strain on the production process. For instance, the grain utilization plan for 1932/1933 at a time when Ukraine was already on the verge of mass starvation,  [56]  saw a planned reduction in grain export by 3 million tons. However, grain collection fell by 4 million tons, leaving a net fall in grain stocks of 1 million tons.  [57]   It can thus be seen that the extent to which the harvests of 1931-33 were in decline was arguably lost on the Soviet leadership. Efforts were made to adjust grain procurement quotas to match the fall in production, with the Politburo seen to have at least attempted to reduce quotas in response to the falling harvests.  [58]  However, the Politburo at the same time planned to in fact increase the total state stockpile of grain from 1.36 million tons in July 1932 to 2.867 million tons in July 1933,  [59]  a response to the alarming fall in the Nepfond and Mobfond stockpiles in July 1932. These counter-intuitive and contradictory policies seem to point towards the fact that the Politburo as an agricultural policy-making body was unable to properly grasp both the extent of the growing famine (caused by unfavourable weather), as well as the impact of their actions, which they implemented over-zealously and with over-optimism about the effects (which further strained the amount of harvest left for the rural populace). However, the end of 1932 began to see a shift in policy that can be deemed substantial enough to suggest that Stalin had begun to use the opportunity that the famine presented as a means to advance his own ulterior motives. There exists significant evidence to suggest that Stalin had begun to see the famine as a means by which he would exact revenge on the peasantry, as well as force their subservience through fear. Stalin, in a correspondence with Sholokhov, said: The esteemed grain growers of your region (and not only your region) carried out a sit- down strike (sabotage!) and would not have minded leaving the workers and the Red Army without bread. The fact that the sabotage was quiet and apparently harmless (bloodless) does not alter the fact that the esteemed grain growers were basically waging a quiet war against Soviet power. A war by starvation (voina na izmor), dear com. Sholokhov  [60]   Along the same lines, Stalin condemned members of the peasantry as class enemies and idlers, and felt that they were the engineers of the famine. As a primary source, it is extremely valuable as it shows how Stalin believed that the famines were the direct result of an active plot to undermine the Soviet way, which explains why he felt the need to finish off the Kulaks, who had been beaten but were still very much involved in the perceived class struggle.  [61]  However, as the correspondence was written with the purpose of pushing the blame of the starvation away from the Politburos agricultural policy and towards the peasants, it is limited as the situation described by Stalin may have been subject to exaggerations and thus, not fully representative of historical events. Still, this perceived need to take revenge on the peasants for their counter-revolutionary struggle went hand in hand with Stalins other motives, namely, the liquidation of the kulak as a class, and to render the peasantry ultimately subservient to the will of Stalin. At the beginning of 1933, plans were drawn up for the mass deportation of Ukrainian peasantry. At first 3 million, then reduced to 2 million people, with the destinations being Kazakhstan and West Siberia. However, the estimated cost of such a massive project was put at 1.4 billion roubles, a substantial sum that the Politburo was unwilling to fork out.  [62]  It was around this time that Stalin began to see the mass starvat

Corporate Culture And Work Motivation Of Employees

Corporate Culture And Work Motivation Of Employees Motivating employees is vital for any organization aspiring to succeed. However, the process of motivating is not straightforward due to the assortment of individuals needs. Research suggests that the valuable use of human capital, as against physical capital, is likely the most important determinant of organizational performance (Alder, 1991). The task has been made more complex with the fact that personalized needs have changed in recent years. For instance, in countless circumstances financial compensation is not considered as the main motivational factor of employees. As a result, it is extremely important that firms understand how to motivate their employees (human capital) to work to their full potential. It has been suggested that people from different national cultures are likely to be motivated by different factors (Boyacigiller et al, 1991; Fisher and Yuan, 1998).   In general, not all industries have adopted innovative practices in a broader scale, despite the fact that numerous studies have proven their success due to issues such as general unawareness of their benefits or unsuitability with the current corporate culture. Therefore, corporate culture plays a significant role in providing a framework where different motivational issues can act. Research has ignored on rudimentary cross-national differences when studying organizations (Steers and Sanchez-Runde, 2002). While much research has focused on motivation in the domestic US setting, only limited research has explicitly studied motivation in cross-national settings (Earley et al, 1999). Obtaining a more thorough understanding of the degree to which different factors motivate people in different countries is especially critical now as it becomes more common that companies operate in multiple countries and as information, people, and capital begin to flow more frequently across borders.   ORGANISATIONAL AND CORPORATE CULTURE In order to understand the degree to which various factors motivate employees from different countries, we first briefly discuss the national cultures of Sweden and Finland. Scholars (e.g Sondergaard, 2001; Yeh and Lawrence, 1995) have been increasingly critical of Hofstedes (1980)  framework for a number of reasons including that the data is from the late 1970s and cultures have now changed and that it is difficult to capture all of the intricacies of national culture in only four dimensions as well as replicability and psychometric properties of the dimensions. Due to shortcomings of the popular Hofstedes (1980)  framework, Trompenaara and Hampden-Turner (1997) will be used here, and applied to MNCs employees world-wide, to assist in characterizing their national cultures and highlight some differences between them. Generally, corporate culture can be seen as the total sum of all needed organizational activities that aim at fulfilling its purpose. It symbolizes the phrase this is the way we do things around here. Trampenaara (1997) defines it as the way in which a group of people solve problems (Trampenaara, 1997:7). According to a report made by Commissions of the European Communities, an average European individual works 1,660 hours a year and 70,000 hours in a lifetime. This means that large portion of each individuals life is spent at work. Seeing that the workplace is transforming into a second home, employees are to a greater extent drawing their motivation from features related to their work conformity. The increasing need for employees to work well beyond their 60s has lead to the overall worry of employee well-being. Therefore these innovative practices could be a part of an even bigger solution by contributing to the creation of a more human working environment, while at the same time offering incentives for innovation and efficient work. More so, when describing culture, one is discussing about various concepts such as values, norms and beliefs. According to Trampenaaras framework, they are often represented as concentric spheres comparable to the layers of an onion. Figure 1: Trompenaars and Hampden-Turners culture model Source: (Trompenaars et al, 1997) Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner model represents culture from its most implicit characteristic to its most explicit one. The assumption about existence is in the core of culture. This implicit aspect is based on the collective experience from which the group in a work environment organizes itself in order to deal with the environment and the different circumstances that the group has to face. The second layer consists of values and norms. Values can easily be identified as the ideals of a group. They are often written down and are the expressions of good and bad. The norms express what is right and wrong through formal or informal aspects such as law or social control. These norms and values dictate peoples behaviours within a group (work environment). Hence, cultural stability is based on the cohesiveness between the norms and the values in a group. The latter layer is the explicit product of the culture such as language, food, monuments and symbols, art, fashion and so on (Trompenaa rs et al, 1997). According to Donald Munro, culture can also affect motivation at lower physical levels, in that cultures produce artefacts and alter the environment in such a way that other mental processes that serve motivational states are also affected (Munro et al 1997). Therefore, corporate culture provides two implications to motivation: it limits its existence and it also provides a framework where to alleviate it. In general, corporate culture is determined by three characteristics related to the organizational structure (Trompenaars et al, 1997): Table 1: Characteristics à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The general relationship between employee and organization. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The authority system which defines managers and subordinates by a vertical or hierarchical system. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The employees opinions about their place in the organizations future, purpose and goals. Source: (Trompenaars et al, 1997) Companies with strong corporate culture are more able to improve their performances by committing members of the organization in a stronger way. Thus, corporate culture highlights values, beliefs and behaviour that should be followed by the employees. Despite this it is up to the employees to decide whether to follow them or not. However, cultural considerations work the other way as well. Employees have an impact on the organization by bringing with them their own beliefs and values (Lok and Crawford, 2004). Hence, their level of commitment will depend on these individual factors. If employees adopt the values and beliefs that the corporate culture stands for, the result will be a high level of commitment and cohesion. On the contrary, if personal values and beliefs do not fit with the corporate culture, the gap can impact negatively on the employees. Obviously, the optimal result is achieved when the organizations culture and the employees beliefs and values match. Trompenaars Hampden-Turner have identified four (4) others different kinds of organizational cultures (Trompenaars et al, 1997) which are; Eiffel Tower culture: A strong and rational hierarchy characterizes where the role, which is strictly defined, is more important than the personality of the managers. Personal relationships are avoided in this kind of organizational culture because it can impact on the evaluation of the employees. Motivation and commitment of the employees are based on their role in the company and the rules that govern it. Guided Missile culture: Based on equality and task-orientation. It relates to other tasks in a bigger process to reach the goals. This culture is widespread in project orientation. This culture implies more loyalty towards professions and projects than organizations because individuals can change companies in order to be hired on a new project requiring their competences. Then, the motivation is intrinsic to people as well projects and can also be implemented by current pay-for-performance practices regarding to the reached objectives. Family: culture is characterized by strong relationships among people, which is mostly the case in this organization. The individuals are close to each other and have developed personal relationships like friendship. Incubator culture: Self-oriented and highly individualistic and egalitarian. The organization serves the fulfillment of the individual. Motivation is intrinsic to people and intense. Figure 1: Diagrammatic representation Trompenaars Four Diversity Cultures Source: (Trompenaars et al, 1997) Depending on the country these diverse cultures can be more or less present and their influence can vary as well. In general, the more attractive the corporate culture is seen by the employees, the more committed they are towards it. Therefore, corporate culture influences motivation of the employees. An attractive corporate culture must be real in the structure and behavior within the organization and not only in the words, which promote pleasant values. Reason for this being that, people can easily perceive the differences between claimed corporate culture and the reality itself. If motivated employees perceive that the culture promoted is not genuine they will lose their motivation and feel betrayed and disrespected (Earle, H.A., 2003). A consequence from this kind of activity can be that employees resign from their jobs. The impact of culture on motivation can also be seen in its capacity to have continuously challenging, productive and dynamic environment. The level of innovatio n and creativity has to be enduring in order to keep employees alert and motivated (Trompenaars et al, 1997). Most of the cultures that Trompenaars describes rarely ever exist in a pure form; they are more often in a combination, with one type dominating the relationship. One type of culture is more common in one country than the other. The figure below explains what type of culture dominates in what country. Figure 2 National Patterns of Corporate Culture Corporate Image Source :(Trompenaars et al, 1997:179) In order to have a more global view on the matter, six nations were placed on the figure (above). The figure shows how each nation differs in respect to the dominating corporate culture. This implies that individuals in each country relate differently, have different outlooks of authority, reflect, learn and change in various manners and that they are motivated by different rewards (Trompenaars et al, 1997). Thus, managers have a crucial responsibility in locating subordinates motivational factors and implementing them into corporate culture. There exist various motivational factors, which can be implemented into corporate culture in order to motivate employees. 3. MOTIVATION THEORY One of the most well known scholars in motivational issues is Abraham Maslow; the reason for this is its universal reputation. He believes that every individual has various needs that have to be satisfied. The hierarchy of needs as the Maslows theory is called consists of five different levels. If those levels are recognized for example in an employee, a manager can distinguish what kind of concepts may be used as motivational factors. Corporate culture itself has a significant role in providing a framework where motivational factors operate. Besides motivation, corporate culture facilitates such crucial aspects of organizational life as unity among employees and overall wellbeing. 3.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory Maslows theory is rooted in the Western traditions, since it steer action that is driven by self-interests. It takes into consideration how individuals satisfy different needs in their work environment. Maslow argued that there is a broad outline of needs, appreciation and satisfaction that individuals follow, in a more or less similar pattern. The theory also presupposes that a person cannot pursue the next need in the hierarchy, before the current one is satisfied. The hierarchical theory is presented in the figure three below. Figure 3: Maslows Hierarchy of Needs It is frequently demonstrated as a pyramid with the lower needs at the bottom. When climbing up towards the peak of the pyramid, one gets closer to the self-actualization needs. Occasionally managers have used Maslows pyramid as a sort of a guideline. The reason for this is that employees often find it difficult to express what they want from a job. One can relate Maslows theory to traditional and innovative motivational practices so that the higher one goes up in the pyramid the closer he/she gets to the innovative practices. Physiological and safety elements are more directly linked to basic issues such as having a job and getting financial compensation in return for the services provided at work. In contrast, self-esteem and self-actualization are more related to work environment and the job itself. 4. CONCLUSION From the above study and research, I concluded that the fact that the corporate cultures are a mix of cultures explains the use of a motivational theory and this studys results shows that national culture plays a significant role in knowing the conditions for motivating people. It is inspiring that largely opposite factors do the best job at motivating the Swedish and Finish employees. The findings speak to the importance of using extreme caution when transplanting the many western-developed motivation theories, and in fact management theories in general, to other national contexts. Corporate culture that exists in both countries is moderately similar. Both have a mixture of task and person oriented cultures. Culture affects task-orientated or person-orientated corporate culture. Person-oriented culture emphasizes the use of innovative motivational practices, with the aim of developing individuals and their work. These innovative practices result mostly in a high amount of freedom and entrepreneurship spirit that facilitate innovation and creativity- Maslows theory. The task-oriented culture promotes the use of traditional motivational tools.

Should The Harris Superquarry Go Ahead? :: essays research papers

Should The Harris Superquarry Go Ahead? TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF THE SUPERQUARRY  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 1 SUMMARY There is considerable environmental opposition to the development of the Harris superquarry. This is unlikely to stop the development on its own, but if the Scottish Office decides that the project can go ahead environmental restrictions are likely to be imposed on the operation to minimise, as far as possible, the impact. The reasons for the development centre round the need for economic development to bring jobs and prosperity to this remote area. The life of the quarry is expected to be around 60 years and provide an initial 30 jobs, rising to 80 as the quarry reaches peak production. The question is if a superquarry is the best solution to the problems of a remote rural area. What will happen when the jobs come to an end and would another form of investment not be more appropriate to their needs? Would the presence of a quarry restrict the choice for further development? Could an integrated approach be adopted and a 2nd generation quarry planned? The decision of whether or not to go ahead cannot be delayed indefinitely as Norway and Spain are looking at developing their own. If it is to go ahead then an early start will give Harris a stronger position in the market. 2 INTRODUCTION This report examines the controversy and key issues surrounding the superquarry at Rodel, Lingerbay on the southern coast of the Isle of Harris (Figure 1) and attempts to find an acceptable solution. The quarry will hollow out the heart of the mountain but leave enough of a shell to leave the skyline largely unaffected. The whole question of whether or not it should go ahead or not is the subject of the current public enquiry in Stornaway. A decision must be made soon. The market for aggregates is limited, Norway and Spain (Section 3.1, 1991) have their own sites and are also looking at the potential for developing them. FIGURE 1 LOCATION OF THE SUPERQUARRY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Glasgow Herald, 20/10/94) 3 THE ISSUES SURROUNDING THE DEBATE 3.1 History 1927  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A detailed geological survey identified the deposit of anorthosite. 1965  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Planning permission was given in principle to quarry the rock. The remit covered a larger site than is planned today. 1966  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some small scale quarrying took place but found an on site rock crushing plant and a deep harbour were necessary for economic viability. 74-76  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Outline planning permission was given for quarrying, shipping and loading facilities but this was never acted on. 1977  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Scottish Office issued National Planning Guidelines. Harris was identified as one of 9 potential sites. (The Scotsman 18/7/93)

the emperors new car :: essays research papers

The President's Old Cars Once upon a time in the very country you live in, there was a president who learned a lesson the hard way. See the president loved cars, new cars, fast cars, slow cars, rusted out cars, it didn't matter, if he saw a car he wanted, he bought it. Most other leaders were helping their countries to become stronger, while ours was off buying cars. Then there came that memorable day when our president learned his lesson.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While out shopping for new cars, the president came across one he didn't have. It was a 1986 Ford Escort. It was all rusty, missing hubcaps, and squeaked as he drove it down the road. But while talking to the car salesman, he never worried about what was wrong with it. The salesman (trying to get rid of this piece of junk) told the president that this car was in great shape and there would probably never be another car like this one. He also told the president that if anyone tried to tell him that this car was loud and smoked that they were just jealous and making it up. The president, happy to hear that someone might be jealous of him bought the car right away with his country's money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On his way home people lined the streets to see his new purchase. Many laughed and pointed as his Escort smoked putted along the street. The president remembering what the car salesman had said thought these people were just jealous and pretending that his car was making all the smoke and noise. So he proudly drove around his 4-speed car through the streets ignoring everyone that laughed at him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now during the time the president was out buying new cars the American people more money because their jobs weren't paying enough. The president was giving less and less money every time he gave out money, so he would have money to buy a new car. The fact that his people were starting to starve didn't bother him at all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A couple of weeks later he was out to buy another car. He went back to the salesman that had sold him the Escort earlier. The president told the salesman that people actually laughed at his previous purchase. Then the salesman and president laughed because they were sure that those people were just jealous and making that stuff up about the car.

The Life And Hard Times Of Grantly Marshall :: essays research papers

The Life and Hard Times of Grantly Marshall Could anyone imagine having no money, few friends, and no chance to succeed in life? Well, for one individual this situation is all too real. Grantly Reed Marshall, a 18-year-old high school student from Franklin Square, Ohio, had big dreams but little money. Grantly had reached a crucial time in his life. He desperately wanted to attend college. Grantly's siblings were much smarter than he was, as were his parents. None of his classmates expected Grantly to amount to anything, but this made him more determined. Grantly's family was very different. They had one light bulb in their entire house. Grantly got his name when his mother read the book Childbirth Without Pain, by Dr. Grantly Reed. His father ran for president in 1928 under the Communist Party. During this period in his life when they usually excluded him from the other kids, and was the poorest he would ever be, Grantly wanted most of all to go to college. The best things Grantly knew how to do was act and recite poetry. He would memorize poetry with more than twenty stanzas in a week and recite them to anyone who would listen to him speak. Finally, with scholarships, student aid and multiple jobs Grantly fulfilled his dream of attending college. Majoring in theater Grantly graduated Kent State University in 1972 with honors. After he graduated, Grantly did act in local theaters for a few weeks and then decided to do to the Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. Just weeks before he was to leave Grantly's father fell ill and died shortly there after. Grantly knew his father would want him to go to the Olympics anyway so off he went to Germany. Because he was such a passionate speaker Grantly could speak many languages and had no problems in Europe. A few people Grantly did know and was friends with began to wonder about him after the Summer Games ended and he did not return. Then, one day Gary Johnson, one of Grantly's only friend's received a phone call. It was none other than Grantly. It ended up that Grantly loved Germany and he got a job as a German Postal Worker. Gary had many more long talks with Grantly. These talks did not cost either of them a cent because Grantly always called from the post office. This did make Gary cautious but, they were never caught. Grantly, once again started acting and reciting poetry. People began to notice how good he was and Grantly began to make friends with more important people in Munich.

American Buffalo

On April 4, 2010, I was proud to see the play American Buffalo by David Mamet at our very own Meramec Theater, where the small cast of three performed within the confines of a little, rickety pawnshop that was cluttered with antiques. Within the play, Donny Dubow, the supposed owner of the shop, unknowingly stumbled upon a highly valuable buffalo nickel, which he eventually sold to a stranger for only ninety dollars. When he learned that the coin was worth much more, Don gathered his friends, Bobby and Teach, to plan a heist to get the coin back into their possession.Mamet’s spectacular use of action and dialogue expertly exhibited all three character’s unique personalities, but the story didn’t come alive until the second act. Donny’s constant concern for Bobby’s health made Don appear to be a good man, who cared for others more than he did himself. For example, when Bobby mentioned that he had skipped breakfast that morning, Don gave him a wad of cash and persisted that he bought himself some food. He even pressed Bobby to get something healthy to eat much like a parent would do to their child. He said, â€Å"You can’t live on coffee, and you can’t live on cigarettes.Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. † Even though the second line is a tad cliche, these lines show that Don is compassionate and that he truly cares about Bobby’s well-being. Bobby’s character obviously had some sort of mental problem, but there was never any talk about his condition. His idiosyncrasies and mannerisms exhibited his handicap without having one of the other characters simply blurt out the word â€Å"retard. † For example, Bobby had a difficult time processing simple questions and following along with everyday conversations.He would either reply with short, simple answers or proceed to stutter the word â€Å"yeah† in a sluggish tone. His hands always remained jammed deep into his pockets, and he constantly stared down at his feet with his tongue jabbing into the inside of his cheek. Bobby’s awkward body language and his somewhat childish dialogue was all the audience needed to see that Bobby was a little slow. Walter â€Å"Teach† Cole appeared to be quite the opposite. His vulgar dialogue and boorish behavior revealed him to be a complete asshole. Every sentence that spilled from his lips was littered with curse words and a crude sense of humor that always seemed to put other people down. For instance, in the beginning of the second act, he barged in the door, shouting â€Å"cock sucking fuck head,† and when Don had mentioned one of his many acquaintances, Teach simply replied, â€Å"guys like that I like to fuck their wives. † Also, when Bobby was quietly sitting on a dusty ottoman in front of a large, lounge chair, Teach jumped into the chair and kicked Bobby in the back, sending him to the floor.Even though the elderly people in the front row didn’t appreciate his dirty mouth or crude behavior, I believe that Teach’s character was used to keep the audience’s eyes glued to the stage much like an intriguing line or hook in the opening paragraph of a good story. Even though the characters in American Buffalo were unique and well written, the first act bored the audience with mundane dialogue. The actors took turns pacing back and forth through the piles of junk, sitting in random chairs that were scattered throughout the shop, and conversing over tedious everyday things such as breakfast or the chance of rain.I believe the majority of the dialogue was meant for the audience get to know each individual character, but it rarely seemed to ever connect with a major conflict. Don, Bobby, and Teach would ramble on and on about a card game that took place the night before or plan a heist that never actually happened. In an attempt to be entertained, the audience spent the majority of Act One watching Bobby slowly eat a piece of pie or stare aimlessly at the ceiling, even when he didn’t have any lines. The audience wanted action, and Bobby was the only one that delivered.Act Two was chock-full of intense action and deeply emotional dialogue. When the lights came on and the play continued, the sound of rain and a hint of thunder echoed throughout the room and Bobby entered from behind the audience with his hair wet and his jeans tattered. He began spitting out sporadic bursts of short sentences in between gasps for breath, which brilliantly exhibited Bobby’s distress with some well structured dialogue. Teach suddenly grew hostile. He then slammed a metal lunch box over Bobby’s head and proceeded to knock over tables of antiques. He even threw an old clock into the top of the front counter, sending bits of glass all over the stage. I understand that Act One may have been necessary to build the play up to such a climactic ending, but American Buffalo showed me just how effective a great ending can have on its viewers. American Buffalo has opened my eyes and shined a much needed light on my perspective of writing a first-class story. It’s hard to believe that less than a week ago I viewed literature as purely a glorified way to play with words and bend my readers’ thoughts of the world, but American Buffalo rattled my brain and knocked some sense into me. It taught me just how short people’s attention spans truly are, and I’m no exception. Act One nearly put me to sleep. Don’t get me wrong. David Mamet is a fantastic writer, who exhibited Don, Bobby, and Teach’s unique personalities through some extraordinarily lifelike dialogue, but real life conversations can be quite dull at times. People tend to talk in circles and repeat snippets of each other’s responses. Drama and fiction aren’t real, but it is the writer’s job to make the story feel real while keeping people interested with some action and a compelling conflict. American Buffalo American Buffalo, the drama play of David Mamet revolves around three themes; friendship, success/failure and deception. To answer the question of how does American Buffalo present friendship as an absolute good, I have taken major help from answer. com displaying many instances where friendship, loyalty, and faithfulness have been the circle of attention. When American Buffalo opens, Don is lecturing Bob on the importance of committing himself to the â€Å"business† deal they have made; Bob is supposed to be watching the target of their robbery but has instead returned to the junk shop.Don tells him, â€Å"Action counts. Action talks and bullshit walks. † After Bob apologizes, Don protests, â€Å"Don’t tell me you’re sorry. I’m not mad at you. † What the audience learns from this remark is that Don is genuinely interested in helping Bob become more astute in the ways of their own brand of business. (Answers. com) Don’s father-figure i nterest in Bob is implied through the advice he offers him on a number of topics.When he sends Bob to the diner to get coffee, he insists that he buy something for himself, since â€Å"Breakfast is the most important meal of the day†; later, he urges Bob to take vitamins. His most important lesson, however, is what he tells Bob about friendship: â€Å"There’s lotsa people on this street, Bob, they want this and they want that. Do anything to get it. You don’t have friends this life. . . .† The implied end of this sentence — â€Å"is worth nothing† — reveals the high value Don places on friendship and people protecting each other from what he calls the â€Å"garbage† of the world.As the play proceeds, Bob is revealed to be a drug addict, frequently asking Don for money to support his habit — which Don â€Å"lends† him, preferring not to press him for explanations. By the end of the play, however, Don forsakes his f riendship with Bob in the name of business — an action which causes him a great deal of shame, since he knows he has failed to follow his own advice. The last scene of the play shows their relationship being rebuilt and Don trying to make amends for his doubting the strength of Bob’s devotion. (Answers. com)Like Don, Teach too seems to hold up friendship as an absolute good. He enters the play cursing Ruthie, a mutual friend, for making a joke when he took a piece of toast off her plate at the diner. Her remark of â€Å"Help yourself† causes Teach to rage at her for forgetting all the times he has picked up the check. Ruthie’s remark has hurt Teach because she has not lived up to the code of friendship that he assumes he embodies. (Answers. com) However, when Teach sees the chance to make â€Å"real classical money† in Don’s robbery scheme, he immediately tries to talk Don into dismissing Bob.Hiding his avarice under the guise of â€Å"good business,† Teach convinces Don that Bob, although Don’s friend, is not a good candidate for such an operation: â€Å"A guy can be too loyal, Don. Don’t be dense on this. What are we saying here? Business. † When Don does remove Bob from the plan and their plot begins to turn awry, Teach suggests that Bob has betrayed them — a false implication which, nonetheless, is believed by Don until the final scene of the play, when he realizes that it is he who has betrayed Bob in the name of â€Å"good business.† (Answers. com) References American Buffalo (Themes). (n. d. ). Notes on Drama. Retrieved May 17, 2008, from Answers. com Web site: http://www. answers. com/topic/american-buffalo-play-4 American Buffalo (play). (2008, April 6). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 08:43, May 17, 2008, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=American_Buffalo_%28play%29&oldid=203659519

Categories Of Carbon Steel Their Compositions Engineering Essay

‘STEEL ‘ is used for assorted metals of Fe. These vary from each other depending on the content and % of stuff added to the Fe base solution. On must maintain an of import factor in head, all steels contain a % degree of C + Manganese + Silicone + Sulpher. By increasing C to establish solution the stuff will increase strength and hardness therefore improves drastically the harden-ability. On the other manus C reduces the capableness of weld-ability and increases crispness. Several types of steels exist in our markets, the most common being ; field C, chromium steel, alloyed and tool steel. Carbon steel is one of the largely used steels in several industries. As explained antecedently, its belongingss are dependent largely on the % of C added but the other elements have minor influence excessively. One of import factor sing Plain Carbon Steel, is that this is a type of steel incorporating up to 1.5 % of C. One must foreground that most of the C add-ons in C steel are less than that of 1 % . Some applications of these steels are structural beams, auto frames, etc. ( Capudean, 2003 ) ( Iron Making & A ; Steel MAking, 2008 ) ( Jr. , 2007 ) Harmonizing to the ‘Steel Classification Society ‘ , Carbon steels are sub divided into four chief classs ; – Low Carbon Steels /Mild Steels ; these steels have less than 0.25 % of C, and these are the largely used class of C steels. Normally this type being unresponsive to heat interventions, intended to organize a martensitic construction, beef uping is achieved by cold working the portion due to low C content. These are really easy to organize steels with accomplishing popularity largely for not high strength applications. Some belongingss are ; Very tough, inexpensive sing costs ( least expensive to bring forth ) , they are easy machined ( more ductile than high C steels ) and welding belongingss are besides really good. Typically these have 275MPa – output strength, 450 – 550 MPa – tensile strength, and 25 % EL – Ductility. For such a ground, these are normally used in applications as Bridgess due its ability to deform under burden and return to its original. ( B ) ( Capudean, 2003 ) ( Groover, 2010 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopRoadRailBridges.gif Medium Carbon Steels ; incorporate 0.25 % up to 0.55 % C. When it comes to belongingss, increasing C besides means a direct influential addition in hardness + tensile strength. On the other manus this besides effects severely the ductileness which makes it more hard to machine. Heat intervention to really thin subdivisions can better such machinability issues. These may be austinized by slaking and annealing afterwards to better such belongingss. These are comparatively stronger than the old class, whilst weaker than the high C steels. One common application of medium C steel is the production of crankshafts where high strength and stiffness is required to defy high tonss and opposition to tire when it comes to uninterrupted tortuosity and bending. Typical values are, 450-580MPa – output strength, 600-750 MPa – tensile strength, and 20-30 % EL – Ductility. ( Corus, 2010 ) ( Jr. , 2007 ) ( Iron Making & A ; Steel MAking, 2008 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktop1108phr-03+383ci-small-block-chevys+pistons-and-crankshaft.jpg High Carbon Steels ; incorporate 0.6 % up to 1.4 % of C. In a heat treated status it is able to defy high shear and wear hence, these are used in applications where stiffness and hardness play an of import portion such as in rope wire, besides good in prolonging crisp film editing borders. Unfortunately, these are the least malleable and really difficult to weld, in fact preheating and station warming ( commanding of chilling temperature ) is critical in order to obtain good welding sections and accomplish good mechanical belongingss. Since at their maximal hardenable conditions, these are the most brickle devising this a large drawback for this steel. ( B ) ( Jr. , 2007 ) ( Groover, 2010 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopwire-rope2.jpg Very High Carbon Steel / Tool Steels ; are a ‘sub group ‘ of high C steels and contain lower limit of 0.8 % C. These have weak welding belongingss and ductileness, but are really good when it comes to strength, hardness and wear opposition that ‘s why it is really normally used in centre clouts. An of import factor for these sorts of steels is that most of them are used in a hard-boiled + tempered status. ( Jr. , 2007 ) ( Groover, 2010 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktop oolsteel.jpgP7: Question 2Select an industry and supply a brief over position of one metal forming technique used.The preciseness metal organizing procedure I will be discoursing is the Powder Formation ( PM ) . This gives an alternate cost effectual range towards stomping, hammering, machined parts and projecting. This is characterized one of the most enforced preciseness metal organizing technique in the modern industry and it is normally found in the automotive industry. Most vehicle parts presents are produced by such a procedure. PM combines pulverization compression with optimum physical belongingss with controlled high temperatures atmosphere sintering. ( Turkish PM ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopimage001.gif Such a procedure offers ideal benefits that you can non accomplish with using other metal working procedures. Mentioning merely a few, it is really material efficient since the finished portion uses 100 % of the stuff, whilst in other organizing techniques one will hold wastes. The procedure is really good in making intricate forms with minimum cost add-on. Some illustrations could be splines, cogwheels, away centric parts, etc ) . Sometimes this besides reduces assemblies since most of the assembly parts can be produced in a individual formation by PM. The PM clouts and rods produce parts with closer tolerances. A assortment of standard metals are specifically suited for PM processing, nevertheless intermixing can be easy done to run into specific belongings demand. Automatic rhythms make the PM procedure really labour efficient. The lone back draw is to put up the parametric quantities for the tooling, but as this is done, the procedure can bring forth parts at a really efficient r ate. High temperature Powder Metal ( HTPM ) , is able to accomplish 88-96 % of the material theoretical denseness. Since every stuff belongingss depends on denseness ( elongation, output strength, etc ) , HTMP outperform other procedures. ( GT.b, 2012 ) ( J, 2011 ) ( Marciniak, 1988 ) The high temperature metal pulverization procedure is divided into 4 chief sectors ; Blending – here high pureness metals pulverizations and additives are studied so funneled down to choose the optimal pick for the application in order to run into the coveted belongingss to the application. For illustration in the automotive industry, this procedure is used to organize panels. Here aluminum pulverization with anti oxidation additives and silicone for elastic belongingss are added in order to organize the ideal mixture for the door panel. All the pulverizations are assorted with particular lubricators which helps treating the pulverization flow. As mentioned before, blending the pulverizations in a solid province provides new chances to come up with new belongingss unique merely to HTPM. Compacting – Powdered metal is fed from a hopper into a provender shoe. The provender shoe delivers it into a die pit. Here multiple pulsations compress it into 50 % of its original capacity. Second strength packing forces realign and deform the atoms whilst implementing local mechanical bondings organizing a portion known as ‘a green portion ‘ . These are ejected carefully by automated machines and conveyed to the following measure. Compacting imperativenesss vary from 5 up to 900 tones and are capable of multiple gestures. Sintering – this involves puting the green portion in temperatures above 1300AÂ °C ( but below runing points ) . By such a procedure a batch of benefits are achieved, metallurgic bonding is enhanced, ductileness and stamina are besides improved. The initial art of the procedure cleans lubricators and surface of the metallic atoms to guarantee perfect mechanical belongingss sing the finished constituent. At the 2nd portion of this procedure ( go forthing portion in high temperatures ) , this allows energy to transform mechanical bonds to metallurgical bonds. Completing – sizing / coining are post operations that can be used for more complicated and minor tolerance dimensions, ( illustration – engine parts like cylinder valves, linking rods, etc ) . Extra coating assets could be milling, crunching etc. From here it can come on to a connection procedure. After joined this can besides be heat treated and plated. Heat intervention goes up to 550AÂ °C to do a bed of Fe3O4A which acts as corrosion resistant, and increase in hardness. ( N.A. ) ( GT.b, 2012 ) ( J, 2011 ) ( Marciniak, 1988 ) Note- A presentation will be held in category explicating the procedure in more item. Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopcycle.jpgP8: Question 3Distinguish between merger & A ; non merger, besides select one procedure and discuss. Finally supply one application and besides discuss.Welding is a procedure to bring forth high strength lasting articulations between two ( or more ) parts that need to be connected with each other by agencies of a weldment ( metallurgic fall ining subdivision ) . There are assorted ways to obtain such a connexion and with today ‘s engineering we are accomplishing better belongings results when it comes to post welding belongingss. Chiefly the procedure involves heating a portion, runing the portion / base metal ( depending on which procedure is adopted ) and connection of the stuff occurs as temp start to chill down. Thus the procedure required relies chiefly on the application of heat and force per unit area. One common welding factor is that the metallurgic construction of any metal will be changed station to welding. This coul d take to a station welding heat intervention procedure. ( T, 2010 ) ( Key to metals, 2007 ) Welding is divided into two chief groups, depending on the physical province of the base metal during the procedure that of the base metal being in liquid province or in solid province. These procedures are better known as merger and non merger welding techniques. In order to choose which welding procedure demands to be selected one should first analyze both the welding procedures and addition information sing pre dyer's rockets and station dyer's rockets. ( YAÂ ±lmaz, 2007 ) Fusion / Liquid State Welding ; this is the most common type of welding found in the industry due that the dyer's rocket produced is really strong. In this sort of fall ining procedure, the base metal is melted in order for the dyer's rocket to happen. Apart from the heat beginning a filler stuff ( consumable electrode ) may be fed besides into the welding pool. This procedure may besides utilize a protective bed between our environing atmosphere and the liquefied metal ( gas shield or flux ) . This protection consequences in a scoria on top of the welded seam which subsequently on solidifies and can be removed. There is a assortment of merger welding processes that can be used holding a different belongings result. ( Marinov ) Three major classs of merger welding are found which are bomber divided into different procedures ; Arc Welding: in this sort of procedure warming and thaw of the stuff is done by an electric discharge. Some illustrations of discharge welding could be ; Shield metal discharge welding, , Gas tungsten arc welding, Plasma discharge welding, Gas metal discharge welding, Flux cored arc welding, Submerged discharge welding, Electroslag welding. Gas Welding ; for this sort of welding the gas produces a fire that melts the basal stuff. An illustration of such procedure is ; Oxyacetylene welding High energy beam welding ; here a high energy beam is shot between the two parts held together under force per unit area. As the temperature starts diminishing after the beam Michigan, the parts start to bond together. Some illustrations of this procedure are ; Electro beam welding & A ; Laser beam welding. Basically all the procedures reference antecedently for merger has the same principals. A heat / energy beginning is concentrated on a really little country and a weld pool is produced. These heat beginnings for merger are arc, high energy beams and gas. Obviously the power denseness rises from gas fire to an electric discharge to a high energy beam. For the classs mentioned below we can analyze a graph demoing the heat input to the work piece vs power denseness of heat beginning. It is reasonably obvious that as the power of the heat beginning additions, the heat input to the welded portion decreases. Therefore the less the power denseness of the beginning the larger the affected country. Excessive clip for heating can do harm to the work piece, by changing the belongingss including deformation and weakening. ( Schwartz, 1979 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopUntitledff.png Therefore one of the advantages on power denseness increaser is deeper incursions, optimum welding qualities, and less exposure clip for the welded portion. This procedure is besides various, and adaptable for confined infinites. On the other manus some disadvantages are, it is non every bit productive as uninterrupted wire applications, current bounds are critical to find the joint potency. ( Liverpool, 2000 ) Non Fusion / Solid State Welds ; for this type of welding heat is applied merely for the base metal to soften in its solid province in order to ease fictile distortion or rush up the solid province diffusion. As the name provinces, in non merger welding the stuffs are joined together without the demand of runing the base metal. Here the stuffs to be joined are brought together at equilibrium spacing for fictile distortion through high temperatures ( below runing point ) and force per unit areas. Some of the chief non merger welding techniques are ; Cold welding: In this procedure the dyer's rocket is achieved by the force per unit area and little lift in temperature due to cold working. Some typical illustrations are ; Press welding & A ; Roll Welding. Clash welding: For this procedure the dyer's rocket is achieved due to the heat produced due to using force per unit area between the parts i.e making clash. Some illustrations are ; Radial Friction welding & A ; Orbital Friction Welding. Diffusion Welding: here both parts are held together under changeless force per unit area, promoting the temperature somewhat and left invariable for a peculiar clip frame ( depending on the stuff ) . Some illustrations are ; Conventional Diffusion welding & A ; Deformation Diffusion welding Solid State Deposition Welding: Chemical reaction bounding. Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopspwmtfeb2001f1.jpg The first advantage of such a procedure is that low heat is required, hence minimum disruptors in crystalline construction are noticed since no thaw temperatures are required. This could besides be applied for stuffs within the same category or even within different categories due that no intermixing is involved. The chief disadvantage is that for such a procedure big, fixed machineries are required and this is a consequence for big capital financess to purchase the equipment required. Another disadvantage is that this procedure is non really feasible to be applied for little graduated table applications since its complicity. ( Jr, 2004 ) ( Lancaster, 1999 ) Describing one peculiar welding method, the method I will be discoursing is the ‘Hyperbaric Welding Process ‘ normally known as under H2O welding. This procedure falls under the class of Fusion welding. This is a really good illustration of welding in an unusual, critical environment. For such a procedure the welder must be an A class welder plus a commercial frogman in order to defy the harsh and unsafe sea conditions nature has to offer. ( Mukund, 1974 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktop2071602_f520.jpg In order to delegate instantly the procedure with an application mentioning advantages, disadvantages, equipment, restrictions and safeguards, the underwater welding is a procedure used in the offshore industry. The offshore industry covers the fixs of vass ( any kind ) , boring platforms ( jack up rigs, semi submergible rigs, self propelled rigs ) , Bridgess, etc. These constructions face terrible conditions conditions and are invariably flexing in multi conditional environments, hence the hazard of harm and failure is far greater. Basically this sort of welding is ideal and it is really flexible since the work could be done under the water line, therefore the natation works could be repaired in place without the demand of docking the platform to obtain dry conditions. This consequences in less sweeps and loss of valuable boring clip. Restrictions of such a procedure for our boring platform application are that the system is necessarily bulky and expensive to run. For such an application normally low to intercede C steels are used. Steels are designed as CT and a figure after to demo the C content. The most common steel found in this industry is CT3. Low and intermediate C steels are ideal since these have high malleability and sensible dyer's rocket ability. A The weld ability of depends on their C + manganese content in concurrence with their dross degrees. At low C degrees that of less than 0.15 % , the steels are non difficult and the dyer's rocket ability is excellent.A For the medium C type, 0.30 – 0.60 % C is found and these can be welded easy by agencies of discharge welding. Unlike the surface normal discharge welding, where such intermediate C have higher hardness and martinsite formation, in dry conditions pre warming and station warming are required. For deep sea dyer's rockets alternatively of pre warming and station warming, the dyer's rocket is non performed at one spell but with intermediate intermissions. ( Martikainen ) ( Sacrificial Metal, 2012 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopcorrosion_drill ( 1 ) .jpg Basically there are two categorizations to execute submerged welding. The choice of the proper method is selected after an submerged structural / hull study and the parametric quantities of the submerged environment. The welding categorizations are ‘Dry Welding ‘ & As ; ‘Wet welding ‘ . Wet Welding ; here the welding is performed to the direct exposure of the wet conditions. Here the ‘Manual Metal Arc ‘ procedure is used. The principals of such a procedure are fundamentally the same as that of Arc Welding on dry land but in this instance a particular H2O cogent evidence electrode is required in order to protect the electrode ‘s nucleus. This is the most efficient and cost effectual welding method found amongst all under H2O welding. For this method the power supply is located on the surface of the H2O ( dry conditions ) and the overseas telegrams and hosieries are fed to the frogman via overseas telegram defenders ( big flexible piping ) . The power supply provenders direct current ( DC ) 300 – 400 As through overseas telegrams with negative mutual opposition. If positive mutual opposition is used in DC electrolysis will occour and causes rapid impairment of the metallic constituents in the electrode manus held holder. DC currents are used alternatively of AC ( Alternating ) due to electrical safety and the trouble of keeping the discharge in wet conditions. Motor generator welding machines are normally used. For the moisture type welding it is of import that the circuit includes a knife switch ( Positive type ) . This sort of switch is operated on the surface but eventually commanded by the frogman for optimal safety. This switch should be capable of interrupting the full welding current and stops the dyer's rocket ax the switch is non-operated. As mentioned antecedently, even the electrode itself should hold a particular coating of waterproofing. Basically all connexions should be insulated in order that no H2 O comes in contact with any metal parts. If this insularity is damaged, current will leak and will non be available in the discharge. ( Levi, 2010 ) This method is low cost compared to dry welding, it is besides an onsite occupation i.e. no demand of complex equipment an the frogman can make places of the offshore construction that could non be reached by other types of welding. Some disadvantages are that there is an immediate quench of the welded articulation due to environing Waterss ( additions tensile strength – decreases ductileness & A ; increasure in porousness and hardness ) .large sums of H is present taking to disruptions. H2 dissolves in heat affectional zone and the welded articulation could check. The chief disadvantage is the safety issue sing visibleness and currents Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopWelding.Programs.jpg Hyperbaric Dry Welding ; here the dyer's rocket is done in a certain chamber. This chamber is normally filled up with He incorporating 0.5 saloon of O at positive force per unit area somewhat above ambient. These dyer's rockets are somewhat higher in quality that of moisture welding and run into X-ray cryptography demands. For such a procedure the ‘Manual Metal Arc ‘ is used or the ‘Gas Tungsten Arc ‘ welding is used ( depending on the welder accomplishments ) . The welding is done in dry conditions but at hydrostatic force per unit areas of the deepness of the environing sea. For the dry dyer's rocket procedure the welding power generator could be AC and DC. Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopCommercialDryBell.jpg Some advantages of dry welding are that the frogman is safer since the dyer's rocket is performed in an enclosed chamber, hence no direct distractions from currents, and visibleness is much better than moisture welding since the chamber is illuminated. Good quality dyer's rockets are achieved comparable to come up welding and H2 degrees are much lower than H2O dyer's rockets, not distructave proving could be performed in the chamber. Some disadvantages are that the procedure requires much more capital and support at the surface as the method is much more complex, the cost additions with deepness, and the procedure is non every bit flexible as the unfastened H2O dyer's rocket as the connection subdivisions should suit the enclosed chamber. ( Akers, 2012 ) To depict the procedure of Manual Arc Welding, the work that is traveling to be welded should be straight connected to the positive side of the electric circuit via overseas telegrams. Sometimes the Earth overseas telegram incorporates more than 1 connexion in order to obtain the best circuit continuity for the land. A flux ( plus H2O proofing ) electrode is connected to the manus held holder via another overseas telegram which are connected to a power welding coevals beginning. When the tip of the electrode touches the work piece, the current discharge from the spread and causes a flicker which melts the base metal and the electrode organizing a dyer's rocket puddle. Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopwelding-circuit.gif Comparing both diagrams we can detect some differences. For the moisture procedure, DC current, a knife switch and dual insularity overseas telegrams are required. The mutual opposition is -ve, whilst the circuit is fundamentally the same. As the discharge is moved off from the work piece, the pool solidifies and the articulations are fused together. This welding pool is controlled by changing the current which flows through the discharge being produced and by altering the electrode diameters. Typical temperatures are those of 5000Â °C. by such a procedure a consequence of metallurgical bonding is achieved through the work piece. At these elevated temperatures, metals are ‘active ‘ and if it comes in contact with air it rusts immediately and the mechanical belongingss of the joint fail. For such a ground the discharge welding provides agencies of screening to the dyer's rocket pool ( gas, scoria ) . This is known as metallic discharge shield and is accomplished by the flux covering the electrode nucleus. The scoria produced as the pool cools and solidifies has its map to minimise contact of dyer's rocket to air until temp lessenings. The discharge creates a little pit formed inside the flux. This is for the flux to fire slower than the metal barrel i.e. helping in the protection and control of the metal sedimentation that leave the electrode. For the welding procedure this is a critical in order to keep a changeless discharge and weld articulation. Even in hapless under H2O visibleness, the frogman needs to maintain force per unit area on the electrode to keep a changeless good provender rate. In under H2O welding in is really of import to advert that the discharge behaves otherwise than it does in air. In H2O gas bubbles are a really of import factor as these create an unstable discharge for good welding conditions. In concurrence with this, it is much more hard to command the dyer's rocket puddle. The frogman must put currents by test and mistake depending on the Waterss conditions ( temp, salt, etc ) . Apart from this there is no difference between surface and under H2O welding. ( Kaets, 2000 ) Degree centigrades: UsersNathanielDesktopshielding-weld-arc.gif When compared to other welding procedures Manual discharge welding is normally used because the equipment is comparatively easy to utilize and inexpensive ( compared to other types ) , it is flexible, portable, and ideal for the frogman to utilize in confined infinites, no gas shield is required and eventually it is suited for about all sort of metals and metals. Some disadvantages of discharge welding are that the electrode needs to be replaced often ( more exposed to daze ) , the scoria should be removed after the dyer's rocket is performed, and the procedure is somewhat slower since the rate of deposition is slower than continuously fed electrode procedure ( Gas Tungsten Arc ) . ( Kaets, 2000 ) One last note sing under H2O welding ; there is a procedure non normally used which features a specially built keeping torch which sprays a changeless cone made of high force per unit area H2O, with protective gas under force per unit area to insulate the welded are from the H2O during the dyer's rocket is performed. Besides a recent development was done affecting under H2O optical maser beam welding. This method is still being improved but will shortly be applicable for the offshore industry. ( Clutter, 2012 )