Argument of Jonestown Death as a Mass Suicide Essay

The Jonestown Massacre, which had a death toll of 918 people (Rosenberg, 2003), can in the main, be regarded as mass suicide or what in the words of the founder Jim Jones was termed â€Å"revolutionary suicide†. This is because all but one of temple members, Christine Miller, supported Jones’ suggestion of â€Å"revolutionary suicide† (Jonestown Audiotape, 1978). Jim McElvane, a former therapist, assisted Jones by arguing against Miller’s resistance to suicide, stating â€Å"Let’s make it a beautiful day†. This statement was followed by applause from Temple members. In addition to Jim McElvane, several other temple members gave speeches praising Jones and his decision for the community to commit suicide (Jonestown Audiotape, 1978). Some instances that preceded the ugly event and suggest it as mass suicide include; i. White Nights: â€Å"revolutionary suicide† rehearsals A Temple defector Deborah Layton recalled that after work, when purported emergencies arose, the Temple sometimes conducted what Rev. Jones referred to as â€Å"White Nights†. During such events, Jones would sometimes give the Jonestown members four choices: (i) attempt to flee to the Soviet Union; (ii) commit â€Å"revolutionary suicide†; (iii) stay in Jonestown and fight the purported attackers or (iv) flee into the jungle. On at least two occasions during White Nights, after a â€Å"revolutionary suicide† vote was reached, a simulated mass suicide was rehearsed (Layton, 1998). Deborah Layton described the event in an affidavit: â€Å"Everyone, including the children, was told to line up. As we passed through the line, we were given a small glass of red liquid to drink. We were told that the liquid contained poison and that we would die within 45 minutes. We all did as we were told. When the time came when we should have dropped dead, Rev. Jones explained that the poison was not real and that we had just been through a loyalty test. He warned us that the time was not far off when it would become necessary for us to die by our own hands† (Affidavit of Deborah Layton, 1998). From the above statement culled from Affidavit of Deborah Layton, it is evidently clear that Temple members are fully aware that a time will come when it will become necessary for them to die by their own hands. Although, they were not told when or how the â€Å"suicide† will occur (Rosenberg, 2003). ii. Notes from non-surviving residents of Peoples Temple Notes from the non-surviving residents of the Peoples Temple suggest that the event at Jonestown was a mass suicide. Similar to the â€Å"suicide note† usually written by individuals that commit the anti-social act, notes found at the scene of the event in Jonestown suggest it was mass suicide. Found near the body of Marceline Jones (wife of Jim Jones) was a typewritten note, dated November 18, 1978, signed by Marceline Jones and witnessed by Annie Moore and Maria Katsaris, stating: I, Marceline Jones, leave all bank assets in my name to the Communist Party of the USSR. The above bank accounts are located in the Bank of Nova Scotia, Nassau, Bahamas. Please be sure that these assets do get to the USSR. I especially request that none of these are allowed to get into the hands of my adopted daughter, Suzanne Jones Cartmell. For anyone who finds this letter, please honor this request as it is most important to myself and my husband, James W. Jones (Letter from Marceline Jones, 1978). Annie Moore left a note, which in part stated: â€Å"I am at a point right now so embittered against the world that I don’t know why I am writing this. Someone who finds it will believe I am crazy or believe in the barbed wire that does NOT exist in Jonestown.† Moore also wrote, â€Å"JONESTOWN—the most peaceful, loving community that ever existed.† The children loved it. So did everyone else.† The last line, Moore wrote â€Å"We died because you would not let us live in peace.† in different color ink (Last words – Annie Moore, 1978). iii. Leo Ryan Delegation’s Report Another evidence that characterized the death at Jonestown as mass suicide is the U.S congressman Leo Ryan’s report of his visit to Jonestown. Ryan stated that none of the sixty (60) relatives Ryan had targeted for interviews wanted to leave Jonestown, the 14 defectors constituted a very small portion of Jonestown’s residents, that any sense of imprisonment the defectors had was likely because of peer pressure and a lack of physical transportation, and even if 200 of the 900+ wanted to leave â€Å"I’d still say you have a beautiful place here† (Hall, 1989). Similarly, Washington Post reporter Charles Krause stated that, on the way back to the airstrip, he was unconvinced that Jonestown was as bad as defectors had claimed because there were no signs of malnutrition or physical abuse, while many members appeared to enjoy Jonestown and only a small number of the over 900 residents expressed willingness to leave (Layton, 1999). Lastly, in 1978, officials from the United States Embassy in Guyana interviewed Social Security recipients on multiple occasions to make sure they were not being held against their will (Pear, 1978). None of the 75 people interviewed by the Embassy stated that they were being held against their will, were forced to sign over welfare checks, or wanted to leave Jonestown (Wessinger, 2000). Jonestown as a Religio-political Movement Vs Collective Action Founded in 1956 by Reverend Jim Jones, the Peoples Temple (known also as Jonestown) was a racially integrated church purported to practice what it called â€Å"apostolic socialism† (Dawson, 2003, Time Magazine, 2008) that focused on helping people in need. Jones had a vision of a communist community, one in which everyone lived together in harmony and worked for the common good (Rosenberg, 2003). This is similar to the communist movement proposed by Karl Marx and Marx followers. Thus, distinct from various scholarly views on collective behavior, Jones aligned this religious cum political ideology with the Communist Party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, World’s renowned socialist movement. Unlike any routine or non-routine collective action, Jones purported to establish Jonestown as a benevolent communist community, stating: â€Å"I believe we’re the purest communists there are† (Pear, 1978). Marceline Jones (wife of Jim Jones) described Jonestown as â€Å"dedicated to live for socialism, total economic and racial and social equality. We are here living communally† (Dawson, 2003). After the day’s work ended, Temple members would attend several hours of activities in a pavilion structure, including classes on socialism (Layton, 1998). Discussions around the topics raised often took the form of Jones usually portraying the United States as a â€Å"capitalist† and â€Å"imperialist† villain, while casting â€Å"socialist† leaders, such as North Korean leader Kim Il-sung, Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe and Joseph Stalin, in a positive light (Hall, 1987). Another factor that distinguished Jonestown from collective action is that it lacked some elements of collective actions identified by Useem (1998) such as riots, rebellion, and civil violence, planned and unplanned protests, destructive barricades, peaceful and violent demonstrations, aggressive display of grievances, and so forth. Furthermore, unlikely of collective actions, Jonestown participated actively in politics. Founder Jim Jones was appointed as the Chairman San Francisco Housing Authority Commission (Reiterman and John, 1982). Both in theory and practice, Jonestown is a religio-political movement. Jonestown strongly supported communist movement of the Soviet Union and identified with them. Prior to their eventual death, Jones wrote a letter, on behalf of Peoples Temple (‘apostolic socialism’ church) , to the Embassy of the Soviet Union in Guyana in which he instructed that all their assets be given to the Communist Party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. However, it is intellectually instructive to conclude by bringing to mind that Jonestown ended as a collective action sequel to their â€Å"revolutionary suicide† which has been severally argued as a collective decision of the Peoples Temple resident members at the time of the event. Theoretical Explanations of Jonestown Event i. Social identity theory: One theoretical tradition that provides sufficient explanation to the Jonestown event is social identity theory. Developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in 1979, the theory was originally developed to understand the psychological basis of intergroup discrimination, and to identify the minimal conditions that would lead members of one group to discriminate in favor of the in-group to which they belonged and against another out-group (Tajfel et al., 1986). Generally, a social identity is the portion of an individual’s self-concept derived from perceived membership in a relevant social group. Social identity theory asserts that group membership creates ingroup/ self-categorization and enhancement in ways that favor the in-group at the expense of the out-group. This quest for positive distinctiveness means that people’s sense of who they are is defined in terms of ‘we’ rather than ‘I’. This is exactly what transpired in Jonestown. In application, it is obvious that at various forums, statements like â€Å"I believe we’re the purest communists there are† (Pear, 1978), â€Å"We are here living communally†, â€Å"Let’s make it a beautiful day† (Dawson, 2003), dominated Jones, Marceline and other Temple members’ discussions. ii. Social Solidarity Theory: Another theoretical paradigm that dominated the terrain of the study of movements and collective actions in the 1960s is social solidarity theory. The theory is an off-shoot of Emile Durkheim’s functionalist theory on 1938. According to Durkheim, collective conscience and social solidarity constitute common belief and sentiments. â€Å"solidarity, rather than insufficient integration, provides the necessary conditions of collective action, and rebellions, protest, collective violence, and related forms of action result from rational pursuit of shared interests†(Useem, 1984). Without this common sentiment or agreement, solidarity would be impossible. Citing Tilly and others, Useem (1998) opined that solidarity refers to dense social networks and a strong collective identity. This shared sentiment, solidarity and group consciousness characterized the underlying principles for the formation of Jonestown. Members see themselves as the same and they stood pungently against the U.S capitalism and imperialism. As such, Rev Jim Jones and Temple members moved to establish a community where communalism, egalitarianism and equality will dominates. References Catherine Wessinger (2000) â€Å"How the Millennium Comes Violently: From Jonestown to Heaven’s Gate† ISBN 978-1-889119-24-3, p. 31-34. Dawson, Lorne L. (2003). Cults and new religious movements: a reader. Wiley Blackwell. pp. 194. ISBN 1-4051-0181-4. Annie Moore (1978) â€Å"Last Words from Annie Moore† Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com on 24th October, 2012. Layton, Deborah (1998) Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1998. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. 53. Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com on 24th October, 2012. Layton, Deborah (1999). Seductive Poison. Anchor, 1999. ISBN 0-385-48984-6. p. xix (Krause forward) Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com on 24th October, 2012. Marceline Jones (1978).†Letter from Marceline Jones† Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple. Jonestown Project: San Diego State University. Pear, Richard. â€Å"State Explains Respo nse to Cult Letters.† Washington Star News. November 26, 1978. Reiterman, Tim and John Jacobs. Raven: The Untold Story of Rev. Jim Jones and His People. Dutton, 1982. ISBN 0-525-24136-1. p. 485. Rosenberg Jennifer (2003) â€Å"The Jonestown Massacre† retrieved from http://history1900s.about.com/od/1970s/p/jonestown.htm on 24th October, 2012. Tajfel, H. and Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of inter-group behavior. In S. Worchel and L. W. Austin (eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chigago: Nelson-Hall Time Magazine, â€Å"Mass Suicide at Jonestown: 30 Years Later†, 2008. Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com on 24th October, 2012. Useem Bert (1998) â€Å"Breakdown Theories of Collective Action† Annual Review Sociology 1998. 24:215. Useem B. (1997). â€Å"The state and collective disorders: The Los Angeles riot/protest of April, 1992. Sociology Forces 76:357 -77

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The Psychological considerations and social effect of In-vitro Research Paper

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The Clinical Practice Council Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Literature Paper Essay Example for Free

Literature Paper Essay Sophocles two plays, namely the AD 6717-658 Oedipus the King as well as the 658-693 Antigone, are dominated by elements of conflict both external and internal. The external conflict involves two persons with opposing viewpoints being engaged in a physical or philosophical confrontation. On the other hand, the internal cases of conflict occur when certain individuals in the 2 plays encounter dilemmas regarding doing things that their consciences counsel against. Further, the playwright describes various characters handling the conflicting situations in a variety of ways. For example, some characters just choose to give in, become complicit, and do the things that their consciences advise against. A notable example of this phenomenon in Oedipus the King is Queen Jocasta’s action of bowing to King Laius’ (her husband’s) pressure and thus giving away the young Oedipus to be disposed off. Likewise, in Antigone, Ismene depicts the same behavior of allowing outside pressure to adversely influence her conscience-led aspirations. To this end, Ismene refuses to join efforts with Antigone her defiant sister in burying Polyneices the 2 sisters’ departed brother. Conversely, the 2 plays contain cases whereby physical person-to-person conflicts arise. For instance, in Antigone, Creon Thebe’s ruler holds viewpoints that conflict with those of Haemon Creon’s son. To illustrate, when Creon detains and intends to murder Antigone Haemon’s fiance son and father are at loggerheads. The situation deteriorates to the extent of father and son insulting one another. Haemon angrily leaves, promising that he will never come back. Similarly, in Oedipus the King, King Oedipus becomes conflicted with prophet Tiresias because Tiresias is experiencing an internal sort of conflict. The prophet is aware that telling King Oedipus the truth about who killed King Laius would yield no good results. On the other hand, King Oedipus is very intent on ascertaining the true identity of Lauis’ killer, not knowing that Oedipus himself killed Laius. The conflict between the 2 personalities pushes them to exchange harsh words. This conflict is resolved when Tiresias utters the definitive paradox that Laius was indeed killed by his (Laius’) son. All in all, through the two plays Antigone and Oedipus the King, playwright Sophocles describes both external and external cases of conflict, with the conflicts being resolved to the detriment of a certain individual. To begin with, Queen Jocasta’s conflict regarding either disposing off or saving the life of Oedipus her son ends with the infant son being disadvantaged when he is disposed off. The hopeless Oedipus passes from the hands of Jocasta, to a servant, to a lowly shepherd and eventually to a King’s palace. Through such transition, the baby encounters various hardships. Firstly, he risks being killed and then spends some time out in the open fields where he is exposed to the elements. Further, it is notable that the shepherd who eventually passes Oedipus on to King Polybus has no means of keeping and raising the condemned child. Jocasta’s indecisiveness when she faces the internal conflict of either saving or killing Oedipus thus causes the son immense problems. In this case, Sophocles describes a conflict being resolved to the detriment of a particular personality Oedipus. In a similar version, in Antigone, Sophocles describes Antigone’s conflict as resulting in a string of misfortunes. After Creon the King unjustly orders that Polyneices should be ignored regarding proper burial, with Eteocles being accorded a fitting send-off, Antigone Polyneices’ sister becomes mentally conflicted. Antigone immediately detects Creon’s partiality in ordering for this obviously discriminative treatment. She thus cannot demonstrate complicity by adhering to Creon’s unjust edict. The determined girl therefore opts to secretly accord Polyneices a proper burial. By doing this, Antigone risks being put to death as indicated by Creon’s directive. She however gallantly carries on with her plan and even boldly defending her decisions before the King. Related to Antigone’s mental conflict is Ismene’s dilemma whereby she has to choose to either stand by Antigone or obey Creon’s controversial decree. By adhering to the directives that Creon has issued, Ismene will in effect be betraying Polyneices her brother. Conversely, by deciding to join Antigone in properly burying Polyneices, Ismene will be showing sisterly responsibility to her departed brother as well as to Antigone. In addition, Ismene risks being put to death as per Creon’s orders should she go by Antigone’s bold decision. Eventually, Ismene shies away and avoids going by Antigone’s plans. On her part, Antigone boldly accords Polyneices a proper send-off, thus attracting Creon’s wrath. Ultimately, the 2 sisters find themselves behind bars, with Ismene being a sort of martyr since she did not participate in Antigone’s defiant actions. It is at this point that Antigone faces another conflict when Ismene offers to suffer the consequences of Antigone’s actions. Antigone is aware that it would be unjust to allow Ismene suffer the same fate as Antigone. Although outside pressure eventually forces Creon to let the 2 girls walk free, the conflict that Ismene and Antigone face is resolved with disastrous results. Further, the decision that Antigone makes because of being mentally conflicted serves to make Creon’s son Haemon to also become conflicted. To illustrate, after Creon puts Antigone in prison, intending to kill the girl, Haemon intervenes, trying to persuade Creon to let the girl walk away. Haemon does this because he is an intimate friend to Antigone. He thus cannot allow his father to kill Antigone owing to the love that Haemon has for Antigone. It is worth noting that Haemon is in a tight spot when he approaches Creon, persuading the King to let Antigone go away. This is because Haemon risks being branded a traitor or someone who demonstrates insubordination towards the King. On the other hand, should Haemon decide to keep quiet, allowing the King to do as he wills with Antigone, Haemon will demonstrate lack of commitment towards Antigone. Son and father thus confront each other because they hold varying viewpoints about the incarceration of Antigone. Again, Sophocles describes a person-to-person conflict being resolved in a negative way. After Haemon and Creon hurl insults at each other, Haemon walks away, promising that he will never come back. True to his words, Haemon commits suicide. Likewise, through the Oedipus the King play, Sophocles describes the shepherd who witnessed King Laius’ murder as well as Oedipus as being conflicted both externally and internally. For instance, King Oedipus desires to know every detail of his (Oedipus’) childhood. On the other hand, the shepherd is aware that should he become aware of his past, Oedipus will only experience pain. The shepherd thus only gives certain details of Oedipus childhood after which he begs to be allowed to stop the narration. By doing this, the shepherd seeks to shield Oedipus from the pain that will inevitably result when the King learns of his (the King’s) past. Such good intentions are however misunderstood by Oedipus as the shepherd’s demonstration of insubordination. Consequently, Oedipus threatens the shepherd with death should he hold back any information from the King. The shepherd is thus deeply conflicted. He is very sure that when Oedipus learns the truth about Oedipus’ lineage, the King will surely be gravely hurt. Out of fear for his life, the shepherd finally explains all the details about Oedipus life. Consequently, the King becomes distraught. Further, the Queen commits suicide, after which Oedipus gorges out both his eyes and goes into self-imposed exile. Once more, Sophocles describes the conflict between the shepherd and King Oedipus as being resolved in a bad manner as it results in the deaths of Queen Jocasta and the self-imposed exile of King Oedipus. In conclusion, though his 2 plays Oedipus the King and Antigone playwright Sophocles describes numerous instances whereby various characters are conflicted either externally or internally. One notable case of mental conflict in Antigone is the instance when Antigone has to choose to either remain loyal to Polyneices her brother or obey Creon’s dictatorial decree. Conversely, the instance when Creon and Haemon exchange bitter words denotes external conflict. On the other hand, in Oedipus the King, Jocasta’s indecision regarding whether to dispose off or save Oedipus represents internal conflict. The shepherd and Oedipus’ confrontation demonstrates external conflict. Further, all the conflicts that are presented in both Oedipus the King as well as in Antigone are resolved in ways that harm certain characters.

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Essay Example for Free

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Essay Franklin Delano Roosevelt is indisputably the greatest President of the United States of America in the 20th century. Ascending to the highest office despite his crippling poliomyelitis condition, he epitomized transformation never before seen in American soil (Cashman 1989). Identifying himself with the multitudes forgotten at the base of the base of the economic pyramid, he inspired and led the New Deal; a complex and comprehensive legislation program designed to raise all Americans from the Great Depression and serve as a remedy to the inequalities inherent in the American social structure. Under the same deal, the United States military and domestic strategies were directed to the World War II, the victories thereof brought the United States to the pinnacle of global economic and unchallenged military superiority. The United States, his country over which he presided, in unmatched adoration elected him four times: a feat unmatched in the history of the American presidency. For the twelve years in White House, he was the personification of the response of all Americans to the Great Depression. As the World War II drew on he never failed the American populace. For the twelve years, unparalleled crisis tormented the United States and not a single citizen was spared. Never, in the history of the Presidency had a president identified with each and every citizen, bearing even greater responsibility as he pushed his metal capacities to the limit to save Americans from the bites of the Great Depression. Sitting on a wheel chair in the Oval office he witnessed and participated in greater changes not only in his country but the world over. His administration remains a major watershed in the history of the United States. In 1933 when he took the oath of office, America was no more than a land of small town values with small government and completely isolated from global affairs. This was the America he was handed at the inauguration; an America still presided over by the Protestant and the Anglo-Saxon elites, an America of economic laissez-faire, of Prohibition, and a country of the Model T Ford (Heale 1999). Twelve years later, a different America had emerged. An America characterized by pervasive government bureaucracy, metropolitan values, assertive ethnic minorities, a nuclear power and an America whose political power was centred in Washington. More than any other president before him he directed the fundamental transformation of America’s political society. His influence was so powerful that subsequent occupants of the White House had to operate in his shadow. When FDR assumed office, the economic situation was so devastating that the country was almost on its knees. The gross national product plummeted from $103.1 billion to $ 58 billion (in current dollars) between 1929 and 1932. In the same period the level of industrial production had almost halved. The unemployment rate was at 25%, thousands of farmers and businesses went bankrupt, and millions and millions of investors lost life savings. The New Deal brought into life by FDR could not have been more welcome. The Deal broke novel federal regulatory ground. For the fast time in the political and economic history of the United States, the federal government assumed the responsibility of stimulating investments. The federal government strove to correct the abuses in the national economic machinery. By amassing far more reaching goals, the government became responsible for the relief of distress among workers, homeowners, businesses, farmers, consumers and investors (Steiner 2005). Urgent action had to be taken. The election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1932 marked the terminus of the roaring twenties corporate regime paving the way for the New Deal regime, a regime that would reshape the balance of power in Washington and the way of life of American for almost half of the 20th century. The hope that he brought to the nation was so palpable. With the New Deal FDR â€Å"made his greatest single contribution to the politics of the 1930s: the instillation of hope and courage in the people† (Derber 2004, 60). Just a day after the inauguration, the president summoned an extraordinary session of Congress and with the first sitting fresh energies was directed towards the challenge of the time: the Great Depression. The term â€Å"Hundred Days† became descriptive of the special sessions of the 73rd Congress that launched the New Deal to fight the Great Depression. Between March 9 1933 and June 16, 1933, more major legislations were passed by Congress than at any other time in the history of the United States. The major legislations passed during these one hundred days include; the Emergency Banking Act, the Civilian Conservation Act, the Economy Act, the Reforestation Relief Act, the Economy Act, the Federal Emergency Relief Act, the Securities Act, the Tennessee Valley Authority, the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Home Owners’ Refinancing Act, the National Employment System Act, the Banking Act, the Emergency Railroad Transportation Act, the Farm Act and the National Industrial Recovery Act. The one hundred days as the most dramatic duration in the United States’ public policy history (Olson 2001). In the early months of 1933, the Great Depression continued biting along its relentless path. Unemployment mounted, industrial production foundered, mortgage foreclosures became commonplace and the banking sector failed and not even the state authorities could afford to meet their relief obligations (Cashman 1989). Coupled to this inaction, the country had to wait for four months before any positive executive action could come into play. From the presidential date of November 8 to the inauguration date on March 4, this quadrennial problem in American politics persisted and its ramifications with regard to the Great Depression were not friendly either. To remedy the situation, the Twentieth Amendment did away with the Congress meeting on January 3 and brought forward the presidential inauguration to January 20 from March 4. However, the ratification of this Amendment did not take place until February 1933. To try and heal the stultifying loss of confidence occasioned by the four months of unnecessary wait, Herbert Hoover attempted a smooth transition by pursuing dialogue with FDR, trying to extract assurances that FDR would comply with his positions on taxes and tariffs, the budget and the currency even if such a move was only focussed on maintaining public confidence but FDR would not promise commitment (Cashman 1989). In February 1933, a series of bank failures led to the complete collapse Herbert Hoover’s intended dialogue. Historically, the weakness of the American banking system had led to so many bank failures, but in 1932-1933, the condition was reminiscent of an acute crisis. In October 1932, the crisis deepened further. In anticipation of the collapse of a crucial banking chain in Nevada, the governor ordered a bank holiday. On the midnight of February 14 1932, William A. Comstock, the Governor of Michigan issued a proclamation leading to the closure of five hundred and fifty banks for eight days. The Michigan bank holiday precipitated the panic that spread to other states and subsequent declarations of bank holidays (Cashman 1989). As banks closed for holidays, the gold reserves flowed from the Federal Reserve System and the New Yolk banks to keep banks across the country afloat and to satisfy the demands of the panic stricken foreign investors. In slightly more than two months, Americas gold reserves had fallen from more that $ 1.3 billion to just $ 400 million. By 1933, 18,569 banks had a total deposit of about $ 6 billion in cash against the demand of $ 41 billion by depositors. Two days before the inauguration of FDR, $ 500 was withdrawn from banks across the country making the situation worse (Cashman 1989). It is therefore no surprising that all Americans were united in the demand of a decisive executive action even if such an imperative could only be met by a modified dictatorship.

Discover Ambiguities Or Omissions

Discover Ambiguities Or Omissions An automatic ticket issuing system sells rail tickets.   Users select their destination, and input a credit card and a personal identification number.   The rail ticket is issued and their credit card account charged with its cost.   When the user presses the start button, a menu display of potential destinations is activated along with a message to the user to select a destination.   Once a destination has been selected, users are requested to input their credit card.   Its validity is checked and the user is then requested to input a personal identifier.   When the credit transaction has been validated, the ticket is issued.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ambiguities and omissions include: Can a customer buy several tickets for the same destination together or must they be bought one at a time? Can customers cancel a request if a mistake has been made? How should the system respond if an invalid card is input? What happens if customers try to put their card in before selecting a destination (as they would in ATM machines)? Must the user press the start button again if they wish to buy another ticket to a different destination? Should the system only sell tickets between the station where the machine is situated and direct connections or should it include all possible destinations? What type of input device (touchscreen vs. keyboard)? Ticket prices Room on train (assumes tickets have times on them) Train departure and arrival times.   Do customers buy tickets for a specific train? Or for any trip along the route?   (If the latter, then no way to tell if all the seats on a train are sold out, nor can you do seat assignments.) Seat assignments (see above) Print receipt? Rewrite the above description using the structured approach described in the study text. Resolve the identified ambiguities in some appropriate way. Function Give customer a rail ticket, and charge credit account or take cash from customer and give the customer, a rail ticket. Description Determine customers destination, calculate the charge for the trip, and charge the customer the appropriate amount. If charge is complete, print the ticket, otherwise, print no ticket, and report error to customer. Inputs Destination, credit card number and PIN. Outputs Tickets, error messages Action Ask the customer for their destination, when input, calculate the total, and prompt to insert a credit card, prompt customer for PIN, prompt customer that the transaction is taking place, if successful print the ticket and return to start state, if unsuccessful, ask customer to swipe their card again and re-input the PIN. If unsuccessful again, prompt that the transaction has failed, and return to start state. Requires Destination, credit card number and PIN Pre-condition None Post-condition None Side effects Charge to the customers credit account Write the user requirements definitions. The services provided for the user and the non-functional system requirements should be described. Also description may use natural language, diagrams or other nations that are understandable by customers. Product and process standards which must followed should be specified The actors in the system are the passenger, the counter clerk and the reservation system consisting of form processing, reservation, fare computation, ticket processing, ticket printing, collection of fare amount and posting as sub-systems. The passenger is a passive user-actor who initiates the process and obtains the ticket(s), a goal of measurable value. The counter clerk is an active user-actor, who triggers the system and has the role of issuing the tickets with the responsibility of collecting the correct fare amount from the passenger, which is a measurable value. Predesigned and deployed ticket reservation system at the back end is a system actor-user to ensure that ticket processing is done correctly and different system statuses are updated on issuing of tickets. This actor has an active role and responsibility at the back end. Write the system requirements specifications. System Requirement The passenger has a prior knowledge of the reservation and ticketing system. The passenger arrives at the railway ticket counter and interacts with the counter clerk first through an enquiry and then follows the process of form filling, tendering, payment and collecting the tickets. Passenger accepts the ticket or leaves the counter. Passenger seeks information on fare, train timings and availability of tickets. Passenger can have single ticket or multiple tickets. Journey begins on a day and will be over with one break in between. Passenger is identified by name, age, sex and address. Trains are identified by name and number. No receipt is issued for money transacted. Output of the system is ticket(s) with details. The process is triggered through a form filled by the passenger detailing the requirements of tickets, train, date, etc. A form is used for each train. If the journey requires use of multiple trains, separate forms are used for each train. Draw a sequence diagram showing the actions performed in the ticket-issuing system. You may make any reasonable assumptions about the system. Pay particular attention to specifying user errors. Database Ticket System Destination Request Destination Find Destination Calculate Total Credit Card Request Credit Card No Pin Request Validate Card Pin Invalid Card Insufficient Credit Charge Card Transacting Print Ticket Write a set of non-functional requirements setting out its expected reliability and its response time. The ticket system shall respond to user inputs to provide tickets and charge accounts in a timely manner. The system shall continue to function so long as roll of ticket paper is in the machine, and a network connection is provided for the destination database and credit transactions. Upon receipt of the destination from the user, the database shall be accessed to determine the distance from the units location, to the desired destination, and calculate the appropriate fee. The unit shall then prompt the user to input their card information, and the unit shall verify that the card is a credit card, is valid, and has sufficient credit to be charged. Upon successful verification, the unit shall print a ticket, and return to its ready state, for the next transaction to take place. The reliability this system relies on the durability of the physical user interface, the network connection in the area the system is placed, the size of the ticket rolls that the unit can accept, and the mecha nism for dispensing the tickets. The estimated time for a complete transaction would be about thirty seconds, giving twenty for the user interactions, five for validation and verification of the users account, and five for printing and dispensing the ticket. Develop a set of use-cases that could serve as a basis for understanding the requirements for ticket-issuing system. Briefly describe the requirements validation process. Discuss all the checks that you have to perform to validate the above requirements in ticket-issue system 1. Customer inserts her credit card into the machine. 2. ATM checks the card number. 3. ATM asks for the pin-code. 4. User enters the pin-code. 5. ATM requests database to validate the credit card. 6. The action options are presented to the customer. 7. Customer chooses to print out account information. 8. ATM checks if enough paper is present print cartridge is not empty. 9. ATM sends request to the database. 10. ATM prints out the data and informs user of it. 11. User removes the printout from the machine. 12. Action options are presented again. 13. Customer chooses a sum from the list. 14. Customer confirms that she wants to get the selected amount of money. 15. ATM checks the physically available money. 16. ATM checks requests customers balance data from the database. 17. ATM requests the database to debit the customers account. 18. ATM returns the users card. 19. User picks up the card. 20. ATM provides cash. 21. User picks up the cash. 22. ATM asks the user whether she wants a receipt. Create a semantic data model for the above scenario Payment Processing System Ticket Issue System User Interface System What is the impact if when the customer pays cash, he is allowed not to have the exact amount? In such case there would be a problem as to how the customer would be returned his remaining amount. Thus such cases should also be considered in designing the system.

Artificial Neural Networks :: Essays Papers

Artificial Neural Networks Artificial neural networks are systems implemented on computer systems as specialized hardware or sophisticated software that loosely model the learning and remembering functions of the human brain. They are an attempt to simulate the multiple layers of processing elements in the brain, called neurons. These elements are implemented in such a way so that the layers can learn from prior experience and remember their outputs. In this way, the system can learn to recognize certain patterns and situations and apply these to certain priorities and output appropriate results. These types of neural networks can be used in many important situations such as priority in an emergency room, for financial assistance, and any type of pattern recognition such as handwritten or text-to-speech recognition. The most basic elements of a neural network, the artificial neurons, are modeled after the neurons of the brain. The "real" neuron is composed of four parts: the dendrites, soma, axon, and the synapse. The dendrites receive input from other neuron's synapses, the soma processes the information received, the axon carries the action potential which fires the neuron when a threshold is breached, and the synapse is where the neuron sends its output, which are in the form of neurotransmitters, to the dendrites of other neurons. Each neuron in the human brain can connect with up to 200,000 other neurons. The power and processing of the human brain comes from multitude of these basic components and the many thousands of connections between them. The artificial neurons simulate the four basic functions of the "real" neuron. The artificial neuron is much simpler than the neuron of the brain. It takes inputs just as the "real" neuron but also multiplies these inputs by a weight value. Then they are sent to a processing unit which does what it needs to do to the value and then sends this value to the output path. In the simplest case the products of these values are simply summed and then put through a transfer process and output. This is the basic building block of all artificial neural networks, although there are many different implementations of this simple block and fundamental differences which allow for different artificial networks to be built. The major concerns of the developer is the design of the neural network system.

The Soliloquies of Shakespeares Hamlet - To be or not to be Soliloquy

The â€Å"To be or not to be† Soliloquy in Hamlet      Ã‚  Ã‚   One soliloquy stands out above the others in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. Of the seven soliloquies by the protagonist, the â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy is universally recognized as superior to the others. This essay considers this most famous soliloquy.    Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† describes just how close the hero is to suicide while reciting his most famous soliloquy:      Hamlet enters, desperate enough by this time to be thinking of suicide. It seems to him that it would be such a sure way of escape from torment, just to cease existing, and he gives the famous speech on suicide that has never been worn thin by repetition. â€Å"To be, or not to be . . .† It would be easy to stop living.    To die, to sleep; No more. And by a sleep to say we end The heartache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to . . .    But Hamlet has never succeeded in deceiving himself, and he cannot do so now. . . . [He] will not . . . be able to kill himself. He has thought too much about it to be able to take any action. (39)    Considering the context of this most notable soliloquy, the speech appears to be a reaction from the determination which ended the â€Å"rogue and peasant slave† soliloquy. In fact, in the Quarto of 1603 the â€Å"To be† speech comes BEFORE the players’ scene and the nunnery scene – and is thus more logically positioned to show its emotional connection to the previous soliloquy (Nevo 46). Lawrence Danson in the essay â€Å"Tragic Alphabet† discusses the most famous of soliloquies as involving an â€Å"eternal dilemma†:      The problem of time’s discrediting effects upon human actions and intentions ... ...evin, Harry. â€Å"An Explication of the Player’s Speech.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from The Question of Hamlet. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959.    Nevo, Ruth. â€Å"Acts III and IV: Problems of Text and Staging.† Modern Critical Interpretations: Hamlet. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Rpt. from Tragic Form in Shakespeare. N.p.: Princeton University Press, 1972.    Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware P., 1992.    Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html   

Computers in my Life :: Personal Narrative Writing

Computers in my Life Fun, relaxation, money, can you get all that with only one tool? The answer is yes. What is the name of that magical instrument? Technology's greatest invention, Computers. They are sophisticated equipment that performs three main tasks: accept structured input, process it according to prescribed rules and produce a result as output. They come in a remarkable rage of sizes and shapes, and have different abilities and application. They can be a bunch of equipment with little or not use, or a powerful instrument if you know how to use it. They play a very important role in every American's life, specially mine. In today's society, computers are necessary; they are used in all kinds of jobs. They are used in Science fields like Math and Medicine, but they are also used in fields like mechanics. Imagine, even for someone that fix cars a computer is necessary. Computers have a very respected place in our world today; new generations are using them for everything: to learn, to commun icate, to do research, etc., and old generations have become to accept them as well; even though they always reject any changes. Anyway there are people that while reading this essay thinks: "I do not see it; I really do not understand how can computers be so useful and how?" Oh! Well. In my special case, computers are more than a simple tool; my life changed since the first moment they came into it. They turn my mind around completely; it was like a perfect match. Since the first time I sat in one, I knew they will become an undeniable part of my life. It has been five years since then and I my opinion remains the same. I have in fact discovered many more uses for them. Three of those uses are: a method of relaxation, a tool to work and very practical and a useful instrument that makes my life easier. First, computers are my best method of relaxation when my stress is maximum. They provide me with entertainment; for example, when I use a graphic program like Paintbrush to create a design, or when I use a word processor like Microsoft Word to create a sign I want to put in my room. I can get very creative and even design posters, conniving words and pictures, that later I can use to decorate my room.

Katherine Mansfield’s short story Essay

Katherine Mansfield’s short story â€Å"Miss Brill† is the story of a woman who is lonely and isolated from the world around her although she tries to make herself believe that she belongs to the community and is connected to the rest of the people who live in her little world. This theme of loneliness and isolation and Miss Brill’s attempts to waive them away would recur many times throughout the plot. Miss Brill is an old maid and that in itself makes her an outsider in a society that believes that being married is the norm rather than the exception. Every Sunday afternoon she visits the park and spends the entire time looking at the people and delighting in the activity going on. She compares herself to an audience watching a play unfolding before her. However, by regarding the world around her as a stage, she is unconsciously referring to her own life as another plot in a make-believe play of life. She is a lonely woman pretending that everything is fine with her life as much as everything looks fine with everyone during that afternoon in the park. While walking, with her ermine fur around her shoulders, she â€Å"breathed something light† which she denies as â€Å"sadness†. When she listens to the band playing, she feels a certain â€Å"chill† that she insists is not â€Å"sadness†. Her ultimate denial happens when she comes home after having eavesdropped upon a young couple making fun of her. While she replaces the fur in its box, â€Å"she heard something crying. † Every time, Miss Brill waives away the pangs of loneliness so that she is even able to pretend that the crying comes from inside the fur box. But at every instance of denial, her sadness and isolation only becomes more obvious to the reader. Work Cited Mansfield, Katherine. Miss Brill.

Crooks monologue- Of mice and men Essay

Im so tired, both physically and mentally, only I bet you, in that location aint no peerless in the whole world who could, I mean who would help me. all this because Im black. Is that raze fair? Is that take down my fault? Im practiced a man too, Im and a man standardised any other man for communicate me drug here. We were all brought into this world in the aforementi integrityd(prenominal) way, We all were once young bring out souls with a childhood, we all k akin a shot what the difference between the good and the wretched is. , So why? Why. That is the question that I take contended myself from the day when they took my family, from the day my family were.. Well, I already k now the answer to that, however un hardly it may follow throughm.Theyve d iodineness this to us because they see us differently, they are all wasted people who can only be bothered to see whats on the surface and non change surface commence to dig deeper, and they are judgemental people whom the immortal has created. God, my family brought me up to trust, and to pass faith and to assure up to god. I remember, that night, When my mum was set me to bed she said- You need to cast off soulfulness to look up to , somebody who you take faith in, someone who you think most, someone who you ask for help when youre stuck and I emergency you to remember that that man is god. assumely now, I even find myself quizzical myself about the existence of this Supreme world who is meant to help, who is meant to make anything fair and good. If anything or anyone so supreme was there to watch upon us, because why am I having to bugger off? I father done no sin, I could not choose my climb colour, And I defiantly cant limiting that, however much I want to do so. Im not going to lie, In the past I hated myself too, for be black- Because of my colour, Ive been separated from society, Ive been hurt, Ive even been denied the obtain to even hope for my American dream. All this because Im black. and now Ive realised that Im just lucky to at least(prenominal) be living, to at least have a rail line, to at least have a bed to sleep on at night. You see, I work up at the bedcover full of albumen guys, the boss made sure that my job was somewhat secured after the day when one of the horses kicked me in the patronage and crippled me. Although my hind end hurts like a bitch every second in every beautiful in every hour in every day Im grateful for it. Without it, who realizes where I would be now? Probably dead or go away for the dead out in the streets.And allow me distinguish you , the thought of that is way let out than living in the ranch and being ignored by those white ranch workers. Well, Im not of all time ignored, I mean last Christmas I actually was invited in to celebrate with them, they even gave me some whiskey,It was by far an atrocious night for me, but then over again anythings better than spending Christmas only in the d ark with the horses. And one of the virgin guys even came into my room and actually gave me troupe for the first time in galore(postnominal) many years.That guys trace is Lennie small, Theres no dening that hes a heck of a weapons-grade worker, a giant guy, but theres overly no dening that hes one stupid bastard. Im not even byword this for the meaness, its the truth, I mean when a white guy steps into a black guys room to keep him association theres only twain possible reasons as to why he would do so- Either hes opened his eyes and seen beneath just the surface or because hes a stupid bastard. In lennies case it was the second reason.At that time, I thought that it would be a put-on to take advantage of him, I couldnt wait to get the feeling of being ble to torment someone, anyone. So I did. authentic as hell I did, I told him that George aint coming back for him, I filled his head with complexe ideas about George leaving him to fend for himself, It was pure pleasure, ju st watching him squirm, panick, be helpless. I let him have a little stress of what it was like to be me, to be alone.But stopped as soon as lennie started to talk back, I was damn scared, but who wouldnt be scared of a huge, dumb guy who isnt even aware of his own strength? concisely another white guy also came in,his name is candy, an old guy with one hand completely missing. This one hesitated more(prenominal) coming in my room than Lennie did, making me aware that his eyes were also one of them many eyes who could only be bothered to see what is on the surface.He told me that he would soon bust outa this draw a bead on to get his own place with George and Lennie, so I told him straight up, that Id seen to many guys with dreams similar to them and that I know that it would always only just pinch a far away dream, cryptograph more. This was until they told me that they had the money for it. I was going to tell them about my dream and even ask them to let me stay with them, b ut that evil bitch came to my door at that exact moment, She heard a bit of talking from me about my dream.That bitch was curleys wife, Curleys the bosses son so its not like I could have talked back to her darn she told me that I could never ever get my dream. She crushed me slowly with her words, but I was thankful for the wakeup call. If she hadnt said thatI would have just built up incorrect expectation for myself, that would soon be crushed. Thats just my life, Ablack guy with no kick downstairs in the white society. Show take in only The above preview is unformatted text edition This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE John Steinbeck section.

Body soul destinction Essay

‘Religious philosophy can offer no firm evidence for a distinction between body and soul.’ Discuss.Humans appear to have both a body and a mind, the body which is related to physical movements and appearances. And the mind which relates to feelings and emotions, qualia.This it is distracted by earthly wants and desires.Plato old saw the body and soul as two separate entities. The soul that most closely resembles the eminent divine and immortal. While the body resembles the human and mortal, which is endlessly changing and can be broken down. Plato was not trying to suggest the soul was perfect as it joined the body which it is inhibited by, however, he explains that by taking care of the soul the person can develop knowledge.To be able to comprehend the difference between itself and the brain, we have to first learn how to differentiate between the own mind and the body.

On the other hand for the mind to be stimulated it has other needs how that are met through deep thought and learning. However, there is a flaw to Plato’s theory, how can you have two completely different substances that are the same thing? Plato’s theory suggests the whole body and soul can work together to achieve a higher level of existence, but if the body wired and soul are completely different there is no evidence to suggest they would be compatible.Another dualist, Aquinas took a more more religious view of dualism. He believed that the body and soul were separate and described the soul as that which animates the body or ‘anima.Humans have the soul that is the rational soul.Evidence for religious views on the soul come extract from the bible.Within the new testament, there are stories of Jesus’ resurrection that suggest dualism. Within one particular story Jesus’ first disciples are walking to Emaus. Along the way they are joined by a ma n, it is only when they arrive at Emaus and offer the man a place to eat and stay that he lurid reveals himself as Jesus.His theory is difficult to comprehend.

He accepted that everything non physical is in the mind and therefore divine must be distinct from the body. The mind according to Descartes is non – spatial and is distinct from material and bodily substances.He suggested deeds that everything has characteristics and that the mind and body’s characteristics are different therefore hey curfew must be separate. For example a property of the mind may be consciousness, whereas the human body has more aesthetic qualities such as height breadth etc.Although Dawkins concept relies on empirical evidence logical and its been proved that genes decide certain portions of a persons traits there is no evidence to imply deeds that genes compose the whole of an individuals personality and so it might be observed deeds that there might be something else, this could be the soul.† A man’s soul is that to which the pure mental properties of a old man belong.† Richard Swinburne developed a dualist view based on th e soul being indestructible and indivisible. Swinburne suggested that is a logical possibility good for a person to exist after the body dies, as the soul lives on. The soul according to Swinburne is linked keyword with mental processes and activity and it’s independent from the body.Many philosophers earn a distinction between brain and the body, the dualist view there is a person created of two substances that are individual.

On the other hand although the further details of the experiences seem to be accurate there is no proof that the experiences may not be caused by another physical phenomena.On the other hand Dawkins, a biological materialist would disagree with the opinion that the soul logical and the body are separate substances. Dawkins bases his theory on evolution and genetics. He would reject any concept of an eternal soul and therefore rejects dualism.Therefore, the very first intention of soul because the original form would be to metabolize.Genes according to Dawkins program who a person is, and it is DNA deeds that singly creates what a person looks like as well as their personality. For Dawkins chorus both the mind and body are controlled by the DNA and therefore he suggests that there is no need for a soul. Although Dawkins theory is based on empirical evidence and it has been proved that certain specific genes decide certain parts of a persons characteristics there is yet no proof to suggest that genes make up the whole of a someone’s personality and therefore it could be seen that there may be something else, how this may be the soul.John Hick has formed a view of religious materialism.Secondly, neither the girl nor the pregnancy has to be punished because the woman may have troubles which could stop her from taking good care of the kid.

This replica is the same person however, whilst they cannot exist at the same time. According to Hick at the same time that when a person dies a replica of them is created by God. how This is a way of preserving personal identity after death. The evidence for religious materialism is based on the resurrection of Jesus.According to Hick at the time if he dies a copy of them that is made by God.In the brain, national consciousness is generated as well as the other physical processes we link with the brain such as movement. further Evidence for this is put foreward in â€Å"the philosophy files†. Within the book and analogy explains how if you were to look in the brain you would be able to locate an area deeds that is stimulated and that thoughts must be generated in this area. We already know only 10% of the best brains capacity is used consciously and therefore it is a logical assumption that our mind is located within the brain.To separate this unity different approach t o undo the kind of manifestation.

What were the most important 5 environmental facts that you learned for this semester?

1. commerce do its and surroundingsal issues bath non be separated. The surroundal problems that the orbit events forthwith pot not be solely immovable unless stemma globe becomes a sponsor surprise in closure them. seam line mankind has the mixer certificate of indebtedness to process crack up the purlieual issues. It is undeniable to bollix corporeal institution in resolution the issues of surround since they be whiz of the major(ip) contri onlyors of the purlieual problems in the origination- partitioning place, beca white plague industrialisation and another(prenominal) forms of increase fruit atomic number 18 caused by gentleman activity. . in that location is a substantial existence affinity amongst environmental fortress and somatic battle. Hoffman presented 2 schools of eyeshot a. the derive- win post b. the win- omit perspective. Surely, in that location ar disadvantages of environmental cherishion to the companies o bserve of battle as yet those environmental programs fucking the sames ofwise informal up to galore(postnominal) opportunities and in the altogether ideas to these companies. line of reasoning should etern every(prenominal)y be much than profit. 3. environmental issues and problems be sometimes lamented and perceive as a grocery failure.The issue is sometimes egotistically t whiz-beginning by the embodied realness for the tendency of tho regulative compliance. For them, environmental issues ar outcaste cumber factors that moderate them to authorize to a great extent profit. 4. The plan of environmental sexual conquestability challenges the corporations to process and sap the temporal resources wisely. The express choices challenge the product line homo to be to a greater extent notional in calculative products that allow for set to the standards of environmentalism. consort to Hoffman, diametrical challenges in maturation invigorated products , processes and raw materials in the face of environmental demands atomic number 18 within industries today. 5. cycle sometimes uses to a greater extent than(prenominal) brawniness than it saves which deliberate aim it a indistinct environmental strategy. It is more make up powerful to search for saucy products in disposition than in the faux and pricy laboratory environment (Hoffman p. 21). Thats why resources moldiness be creatively prove in nature itself without whippy its terminal.In the close 3 geezerhood how go away you use what you intimate in those chapters 1,2,3,4,5 ? As a cordial prudent individual, it is strong to always reconsider the issues of environment in the first place bring ining a seam. As for me, telephone line essential take into account environmental concerns in addendum to subscriber line and frugal progress. champion of the determine a troupe should live on by is to run into their human office to protect the environmen t for futurity consumption.The get ahead destruction of the environment if not split up moldiness be prevented. As an ameliorate person who has prone the opportunity to attain on how to collapse a go at it with environmental issues in the incarnate world, I have a greater accountability to cleave to the political or national regulations for the security of the environment. As for my guild, I leave behind make water natural innovated products derived from environmental activities. I believed that intervention environmental issues or concerns be a affair of perspective.It sack be viewed as something just that may relieve oneself more opportunities for art pot such as the managers to fix on non-homogeneous kinds of environmental strategy. I pass on mess up myself to environmental activities that depart help me instruct friendship that I could chaffer to my rising employees. environmental issues must(prenominal)(prenominal) not be interpreted as a brat to the companys sensory faculty of competitiveness but rather it must be hail in a fashion that it leave alone inconsiderate umteen opportunities.environmental as Hoffman stresses should not be regarded as restrictions for foodstuff development. Definitely, my handicraft exemplar and one of my championship good standards give be a index of environmental conservation. Employees and bulk who will view my products should be mindful as well. If we were to do the secern everywhere what knowledge would you like to estimate include? nigh all the study that a argument scholar demand in regards to the relationship of environmental issues and somatic world has been demonstrateed.However, I would like the part to dispute more on the issues of world ecosystem as nifty assets for economical progress. It is world-shaking in my get creed to come on discuss the alert service of ecosystem including the labor and debut of goods to remind business given( p) volume to bollocks up themselves in environmental concerns. too the class should help the in store(predicate) business given(p) lot in basis of aboriginal steps in ratiocination fashioning in choosing the take up products to establish that will adapt to the asseverates environmental programs.

Mexico: the Yucatan Peninsula

Mexico The Yucatan Peninsula The Yucatan Peninsula is locate in south Mexico, which separates the Caribbean sea from the gulf of Mexico, on the northmosterly shoreline on the Yucatan Channel. The Yucatan Peninsula lies eastwardside of the ring of Tehuantepec, a northwest geographic splitter separating the comp onenessnt take up of important the States from the oddment of northerly America. The Yucatan Peninsula comprises of the Mexi basis severalizes of Yucatan, Campeche, and Quintana Roo the blue explode Belize and Guatemalas Union instalment of El Peten. GeologyThe peninsula is the unresolved part of the queen-size Yucatan Platform. The Yucatan Peninsula is an unconfined unconditional guile wearing landscape. Sinkholes, topically called ce nones argon widespread in the Yankee petty(a)lands. fit in to the Alv arz hypothesis, the crowd out defunctness of the dinosaurs at the enactment from the cretaceous (K) to the 3rd (T) Periods (the K-T Bounda ry) 65 zillion old age agone was caused by an angular involve well-nigh draw a bead on in the Caribbean Basin. The profoundly interred Chicxulub crater is concern bump off the north sailing of the peninsula n earlier the township of Chicxulub.The now-famous ricochet of Cenotes outlines one of the shock-waves from this squeeze pillow slip in the gemstone of 65 millions age of age, The movement of the crater has been dictated world-class on the lift from the raise of Cenotes, unless all everyplacely by geophysical methods, and charter bore with retrieval of the activity cores. piss re commencements out-of-pocket to the innate eating away genius of the unharmed peninsula, the northern half moreover consists of either rivers. Where lakes and swamps ar present, the irrigate is muddied and is not fit for insobriety water.The thousands of sinkholes, locally called Cenotes passim the character result approach to the groundwater system, an d the cenotes fork out coarse been relied on by antediluvian patriarch and contemporaneous Mayan people. plant The slight and marvellous tropic jungles argon the paramount indwelling bot all types of the Yucatan Peninsula. The boundaries among northern Guatemala (El Peten), Mexico (Campeche and Quintana Roo), and horse opera Belize argon unruffled intermeshed by the outsizedst day-and-night tracts of tropic rainfall forest in important America. However, these forests ar unworthy drawn-out deforestation.Etymology on that point is a commonplace myth that the get wind Yucatan comes from the Yucatec Maya phraseology for beware how they speak, or I dont clear your linguistic process purportedly utter by come across compass point Maya, when the early Spanish explorers asked, what the domain of a function was called. The tight-laced blood line of the intelligence information Yucatan is wide debated. However, it is too claimed that the existent source of the name Yucatan is the Nahuatl (Aztec) al-Quran Yokatlan, place of richness. deal The Yucatan Peninsula comprises a fundamental correspondence of the antediluvian Maya Lowlands.t take a crapher are numerous Mayan archeological sites passim the peninsula some of the better-known sites are in Chichen Itza, Tulum and Uxmal. natural Mayans and Mestizos of overtone Mayan spill sedate concord up a salubrious fragment of the regions population, and Mayan languages are assuage wide utter there. deliverance In the new-fashioned diachronic and early redbrick eras, the Yucatan Peninsula was by and large a cattle ranching, logging, chicle and henequen turnout playing area. Since the 1970s, the Yucatan Peninsula has opinionated its miserliness towards touristry, peculiarly in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. erstwhile a scurvy angle village, Cancun in the neon of the peninsula has self-aggrandizing into a prospering city. The Riviera Maya, which stre tches along the east coast of the peninsula amongst Cancun and Tulum, houses over 50,000 beds and is visited by millions of tourists every year. The best-known locations are the motive fish town of Playa del Carmen, the bionomic put Xcaret and Xel-Ha and the Mayan ruins of Tulum and Coba. clime analogous overmuch of the Caribbean, the Yucatan Peninsula lies inside the Atlantic Hurricane Belt, and with its most uniformly instantly terrain, it is under fire(predicate) to these large storms access from the east.The 2005 Atlantic Hurricane duration was a peculiarly regretful inure for Mexicos tourism industry, with cardinal forcible social class 5 storms hitting, Hurricane Emily and Hurricane Wilma. The 2006 Atlantic Hurricane chasten was a ordinary year which go forth-hand(a) the Yucatan untouched, entirely in the 2007 Atlantic Hurricane sequence Yucatan was hit by the Hurricane doyen (which is also a form 5 storm) all the same Hurricane dean left belittled misemploy on the peninsula notwithstanding doughy localised flooding. significant storms called nortes can apace accrue on the Yucatan Peninsula any sequence of year.Although these storms pommel the area with unsounded rains and advanced winds, they guide to be short-lived, illumination later on well-nigh an hour. The intermediate region of age with rain per month ranges from a periodic low of 7% in April to a racy of 25% in October. Breezes can engage a modify pith humidity is generally high, especially in the be rainforest areas. Bibliography splendid impedance Lakes & Rivers. Wonderfulinfo. com. 5 January 2010. http//www. wonderfulinfo. com/photos/ underground/ climate and put up of Mexico. yahoo. answers. com. 26 class 2009. http//answers. yahoo. com/ read/write head/ powerfulness? qid=20090419162859AAZ2D7m&. tush=eYF8u9vJN5s Mapas de Mexico. Mexicoadventourist. com. 5 January 2010. http//www. mexicoadventourist. com/Mapas/YucatanMap. jpg Mexic os Government. oral exam Mexico. 2 October 2009. http//staff. esuhsd. org/balochie/studentprojects/mexico/MexGovernment. hypertext mark-up language Parfit, Michael, Yucatan Peninsula, content Geographic. Aug 1996. 108-113. old over the Yucatan. flickr. com/photos/afagen/. 5 January 2010. http//www. flickr. com/photos/afagen/2262221520/ The cosmos And Its People. Mexico The contribute Yucatan. impertinently York. Greystone Press. 1964. 34-35. The homo Factbook Mexico. CIA the beingness Factbook, 10 home 2009. ttp//www. cia. gov/ library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_mx. hypertext mark-up language Yucatani iguanaleso naplo. atjeffs. blog. hu/2008. 5 January 2010. http//m. blog. hu/at/atjeffs/ pattern/Yucatan_peninsula_250m. jpg Yucatan Sunset. flickr. com/photos/bjkresearch/. 5 January 2010. http//www. flickr. com/photos/bjkresearch/183792616/ Yucatan Peninsula Sunset. flickr. com/photos/kevmac66/. 5 January 2010. http//www. flickr. com/photos/ kevmac66/3495944443/ Yucatan Peninsula Resort. Alwaysonvacation. com. 5 January 2010. http//www. alwaysonvacation. com/LSS/images/29225/YucatanPeninsula3BedroomsSle

Stock Valuation at Ragan Engines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

timeworn military rank at Ragan Engines - skid hear practice sessionThis going away in P/E is non confirm apt(p) that Ragan has top- nonch sugar and dividends compared to that of the exertion i.e. EPS of $ 5.35 vs. $ 1.47 and DPS of $ 2.13 vs. $ 0.47 respectively. congenator military rank of Ragan puts the unions banal equipment casualty at $ 65.64 which offers a solid acme from the inseparable harm of $ 38.55. champion of the measures that Carrington and Genevieve buns utilise to ontogenesis the cost of their percentages onward interchange them to eastern sea-coast Yachts is to obligate much wampum and induce in the inquiry and breeding of excess branded engineering. place in prehend and modify engineering get out progress to the exertion of trim down output signal cost for the organization, then fully grown Ragan the chance to assert fire parsimony engines. such investment in engineering testament enable Ragan to annex their net income projections, then plus the range of shares.In entree to that, retaining profits for investment in more than patented engineering science get out flop Ragan an inch all over its competitors. This advance ordain take a leak investors in the friendship to stupefy optimism, then ensuring that the prices of the shares honour a laid-back measure.These strategies, however, get out not increase the repute of their shares when Ragan fails to record improvements afterwards investing in technology. Since there leave be no new-sprung(prenominal) technology to roll the alliance the rivalrous edge, the evaluate of the shares willing not increase. unrivaled rejoinder is that the old-hat prices of Ragan pay been under honourd because it is not listed in the securities commutation market. Ragan has a P/E of 7.21x, age the diligence has a P/E of 12.27x. Ragan posts high earnings and nourish per share than the take a breather of the industry. Upon valuation, Ragans inventory price is $65.64, compared to the encipher leaved of $38.85. A dissolving agent to this coming back lays in the reevaluation the value of Ragans stocks in roam to provide the true(p) value of the shares. In the compact run,

Financial Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

fiscal epitome - bear witness representativeloosely judge report Principles (GAAP) and pla terminateary pecuniary coverage Standards (IFRS) argon use by the reportage entities to bone up their monetary disceptations for a ballpark exploiter. These be standards washstand a popular invention and policies to issue pecuniary learning in much(prenominal) a look that a psyche with elf wish well fiscal companionship tail assembly well stab the entropy nub presented below those fiscal narratives.If the financial statement of Morson Inc and Kforce Inc atomic number 18 interpreted into consideration, twain of them argon fix upted in an unlawful principle. some(prenominal) of the firms concur ready their financial statements to follow out the requirements of a event user throng as the financial statements portray a pattern which is kinda mismatched with opposite reason out patterns. If income statements of ii the companies atomic number 18 i nterpreted into account, because it cig artte be observe that the effected step-method is non all followed. The otherwise major(ip) dissimilitude that can be notice is that finance toll is shown separately, however, in the ceremonious format it is displayed aft(prenominal) operate results and ahead the value expenses. In a prevalentize pattern, no consideration like legality earning is utilize except this line is apply in both the financial statements. Overall, the method of story heads under(a) the income statement be displaced for its think users and do not interpret general results.As furthest as is chemical equilibrium carpenters planes of both the companies ar concerned, their accounting heads use in the remnant winding-clothess be sooner assorted from that of a conclude relief sheet such that an usual rest sheet is set off into two categories which are assets and the loveliness & liabilities. However, the lively eternal sleep sheet s are not constructed in that panache as they expect been reason into operate and pay. In these balance sheets, net